Reform Movements in the United States Sought Essay Example for Free

Reform Movements in the United States Sought EssayAs Americans entered an era of transition and instability, they sought to expand participatory ideals in the corporation. In solution to sudden changes occurring and traditional set being ch all toldenged, various reform movements during 1825-1850 began to focus on democratic ideals. The rise of religious revivals, movements for equal rights and protecting liberties of different mixer groups, want to advance society technologically, and desire to bring order and control helped reform the society to live up to the nations founding ideals. command them (I dont get who them is) the habits of thrift, orderliness, temperance and industry was a way to not only better their lives but a way to instill certain(p) democratic values and advance the perfection of society as a whole. The rise of popular religion and a series of religious revivals reinforced American democracy and liberty. The Second Great Awakening was a huge religious r eform movement that sought to re-captivate religious interest in America.One of its new-fashioned breakthroughs is its representation of democratic ideas, or a reworking of traditional religious institutions to better match the average Americans sensibilities and frontier intentstyles (Second Great Awakening). In this essay to capture interest, this new theology differed from the previous Calvinist viewpoint that populates predestined path to heaven or hell could only be altered by Gods choosing, in that the new theology emphasized individual free will, and equality in Gods eyes- a characteristic of democracy.These new theologies emphasized human choice. Reform of the individual human heart and overly broader social institutions was indeed possible (Second Great Awakening). Church ministers were take and churches believed in a priesthood of all believers. Such religious reforms sought to expand democratic ideals into the churches. The theology of the Second Great Awakening can be shared out into many different subdivisions which all spread out and became part of many reform movements to come.Before examining such future movements, it must be noted that The cash advance of the get on was also a reform movement that spread democratic ideals of around the same time frame as the Second Great Awakening. The reach of the Age empowers all the new American technologies and social reforms in its time (around 1825-1846). New technological reforms included adapting the time conserving sewing machine, and harnessing the potential of the locomotive. Religion, politics, the economy, and virtually everything else in America was being influenced by echnological reforms, turning life in American as something Senator Webster describes The world has seen nothing like it before (A Discourse, Delivered at Plymouth 61). The significance of all these technological advances lies in the inevitable social advances they initiated. The Progress of the Age focused on impro ving everyday life with the adaption of machine labor, allowing for a large drift of agricultural goods for the commonality man, increasingly cheaper goods, less expensive books/newspapers, and faster travel.As these technological revolutions guide to revolutions in habits, opinions, and moral values, people began to realize If machinery could be brought to such a state of perfection, why not society (Maier 369)? With all the social ideas related to technological progress, none were associated with the Progression of the Age, as the expansions of democratic ideals were. With the new leaps in technological advances, people built the impression that No reform is nowadays deemed impossible, no enterprise for human betterment impracticable (Maier 369). Of all the social ideas, the democratic ideas of striving for social equality, and benefitting the common good fit the technological age of progress best. Along with technological advancements, American literary productions was adva ncing too. New values such as favoring nature over Americas turn towards industrial capitalism and worst of all, the crass, money-grubbing materialism that seemed to grip more and more of their countrymen (Maier 371), as described in novels of James Fenimore Cooper, and Washington Irving were exposed to their readers.The Transcendentalist movement, founded by Ralph Waldo Emerson was populated by his essay Nature, as well as other works such as Henry David Thoreaus Nature. The increasing quality and affordability of such books as well as newspapers, with new perspectives and philosophies printed by new machines, allowed the common people attack to new knowledge. Society was now exposed to knowledge such as philosophy, current events, and political information which brought up the level of education of the common man. non only were books made cheaper and more available, an abundance of higher quality goods and services such as better foods, clothes, and a better transportation system now became available to the society. As Horace Greenley of the New York Tribune accounts We have universalized all the beautiful and glorious results of industry and skill We have made them a common possession of the people. We have democratized the means and appliances of a higher life (Art and Industry 58). Greenley is saying that the Progress of the Age has brought high quality goods previously only for aristocrats down to the common people, raising the living standard of the common people a true democratic value. Out of all these technological breakthroughs, the railroad became the symbol of the Progress of the Age and the expansion of democratic ideals. Even artists of the Hudson River School such as Thomas sugar recognized the locomotive in their paintings. In River in the Catskills, Thomas Cole blends the locomotive with nature, suggesting a natural harmony between them as Americans civilized the new lands.The locomotive became a symbol of the drive of civilization, spreadi ng it and Americas democracy to new, unseen horizons. These unseen horizons were discovered through the reforms in the Antebellum Era, whose roots were mainly evangelical religion tied into the belief that equality and redemption should be offered to everyone. This brought back tensions between the North and South when thraldom became an issue with those ideals, which made the acted reforms not beneficial a movement towards equality, but towards democracy as well.One of the most important reform movements in American history was the creation of the American Anti-Slavery Society in 1833. The Declaration of Sentiments was established and those who wished to join the society had to sign the document which pledged to secure to the colored populationall the rights and privileges that belong to them as men and as Americans. This reform was different than most, because the people winding decided to use the old tactic of moral suasion instead of violence. These society members campaig ned across the U. S. especially aiming to influence the South. They published abolitionist newspapers and other literature to raise awareness, attempted to make antislavery societies in every state and every town, and eventually brought so many petitions to Congress that although the Gag Resolution tabled them, the awareness it elevated about slavery occurred everywhere. Not only was this the effect of the society, but it also showed Americans that all people could make a difference if joined together, not just the government, which expanded ideas of democracy.William Lloyd Garrison, among other strong abolitionists, acted as a leader in the fight for all-around equality in the United States. He dedicated his life to slavery abolition, publishing the newspaper, The Liberator and writing in it, On this subject, I do not wish to think, to speak, or write, with moderationI am in burning I will not equivocate I will not excuse I will not retreat a single pass on and I will be hea rd. Not only did his words anger people enough to cause the bloody slave revolt in Virginia led by Nat Turner, but it also made abolitionists of others as well.His words inspired Frederick Douglass to publish his newspaper, North Star, at Rochester. They inspired Theodore Dwight Weld to declare an end to slavery and leave the Lane Seminary and their white society with 75 others by his side, naming themselves the Lane Rebels. He spent the rest of his life being a utilise member of the Ohio Antislavery Society and giving speeches throughout Ohio and Pennsylvania, encouraging the establishment of other antislavery societies. Abolitionists for womens rights like Henry B.Stanton who was also a Lane Rebel, and his wife, Elizabeth Cady Stanton were also strong leaders, as well as the Grimke sisters in taking on the roles normally given to men. These powerful reformers were able to influence the population to join them in reforms, creating the sense that they could all make a difference together, and reform the republic government to a democratic one instead. With the idea of equality comes the idea of democracy, so when reform movements for slavery abolition and womens rights began, so did the widespread belief of a new democratic government.

Natures Impact Essay Example for Free

Natures Impact EssayThe surfacedoors contains many wonders that a child explores throughout the archaeozoic years of life therefore, a persons childhood tends to position his path for the future. As a result, occurrences seen on an average day sitting at school, exploring in the woods, or examining the stars have the potential to be life changing. An American Childhood (Dillard), Two Views of a River (Twain), and Listening (Welty) all allocate this thought, yet the deeds juxtapose each new(prenominal) with different morals. Annie Dillard writes of the expectations of her to return after completing college and settling in the same town in which she resides her entire life onward attending college It crawled down the driveway toward Shadyside, unrivalled of the several sections of town where people like me were expected to settle after college, renting an apartment until they married star of the boys and bought a house (2). Dillard feels essentially unpermitted to broaden he r horizon of a future.She believes she had been restricted too early and therefore Dillard feels she is not allowed to live up to her possible potential. name Twain, on the other hand, writes of the river and its influence upon him This sun means that we are going to have wind tomorrow that floating log means that the river is rising, small convey to it that slanting mark on the water refers to a bluff reef which is going to kill somebodys steamboat bingle of these nights if it keeps on stretching out like that .(1) Within his piece, Twain wonders if he were to have noticed all the diminutive and revealing things of the river as a child, whether it would have foreshadowed the future from the perspective from which he sees the past now. Twain wishes he had respected the river further as a child rather than simply viewing it as an effortless beauty. Eudora Welty also writes of her childhood, explaining her passionateness for the sky and all that dwells within it.She states, I coul d see the full constellations in it and call their names when I could read, I knew their myths (Welty 1). Even with all the knowledge she had of the forbidding unknown that seems endless and vague to the common child, it still takes Welty until she is already a published writer before she realizes the moon does not rise in the west. study of this alters her perspective. However, without believing that the moon rises in the west, less delight and excitement would have occurred within her childhood. Dillard, Twain, andWelty write of their upbringings and how certain changes, if varied, could have fashioned a different future. They externally realize the options they had, and the elements they would have distorted in the past to assist themselves in the future. Where Dillard, Twain, and Weltys works mutually contain the reference to their childhoods, they contrast each other with the morals of their writings. Dillards extended metaphor places her in an equivalent situation as the Pol yphemus moth whose overgrown wings span wider than the Mason jar that withholds it.The piece uses the crook about the moth to foreshadow her telling of her confinement to Shadyside. The moral of her piece is that ones parents, friends, or even societys restraints should not oppress ones aspirations to what is simply considered to be correct Conversely, Twains piece concludes one should not take life for granted because it can exceed so hastily, that a large quantity of imperative information and experiences can be neglected and missed The world was new to me, and I had never seen anything like this at home.But as I have said, a day came when I began to cease from noting the glories and the charms which the moon and the sun and the twilight wrought upon the rivers face other day came when I ceased altogether to note them. (1) Welty teaches in her piece that a childs information is made of specific moments in time and she shares her involvements with this learning There comes the m oment, and I saw it then, when the moon goes from flat to round.For the first time it met my eyes as a globe. The word moon came into my mouth as though fed to me out of a silver spoon. Held in my mouth the mood became a word (Welty 1). Eudora reveals that moments like this which seem miniscule can alter ones personality and interests. Each instant of learning creates a change in ones mental makeup. Dillard, Twain, and Welty are each eloquent and school writers.Their works are relatively alike in the fact that they each converse of their childhoods and what they would have altered within them however, they juxtapose each other with divers(a) morals veiled within the pieces. Works Cited Dillard, Annie. An American Childhood. New York Harper Row, 1988. Twain, Mark. Two Views of a River. Life on the Mississippi. New York Harper, 1896. Welty, Eudora. Listening. Agents, Russell Volkening. Welty 1984.

Benefits of Family Counseling Essay Example for Free

Benefits of Family Counseling EssayThis is a very arguable statement, and there are many reasons for it to be. I believe that the reasons for family direction completely out weight the reasons why some families shouldnt participate in it. Family counseling is often looked at as a tool to support families with problems, but counseling can be helpful to everyone. Counselors try to help with all scenarios of life, work, school, friends, etc.Even if you are a pretty balanced person you can still get tips from a professional, whether your family has been through a major turmoil, or could simply gain from refining their parley skills with each other. Counseling can be a way to help everyone in a family. Therapy for children as rise as parents can help issue all types of stresses for everyone involved. Major ab ingestions, little arguments, as well as general venting can all be addressed in a calmer, quieter atmosphere.These are just a few reasons why every family should attend c ounseling. By attending counseling it can help children learn how to deal with tough situations, arm communicating, and overcome disputes. We all strike to face obstacles in our lives and some of them can be pretty tough. To teach children, through adolescence to adulthood, skills to deal with tough situations could mean the difference and difficulties in how many college graduates there are, how many overcome poverty, and how families are in a secure loving environment.Teaching youth to face their difficulties instead of trail or quitting is highly important, and should be one of the emphasized parts of school. In our society many batch prize that if things are hard for them, obviously it is non something that they should be doing. I think that with the guidance and some positive reinforcement that people can learn to overcome their difficulties. Being in a revolutionary situation or learning new skills is hard and everyone struggles. Because we allow teens to quit, many yo ung adults decide not to attend college.They often feel that since they didnt do well in high school college would be too difficult. With parents and a professional both helping kids to overcome difficulties at an early age it get out instill within them that obstacles are just a part of life that they have to overcome quitting is not an option. Many times kids learn how to deal with differences from their parents or other people around them. A lot of parents yell and show anger when they are crazy at their spouse or their boss, or correct their children. Cartoons normally deal with problems through violence and teachers even out yell at kids.All of this teaches children that it is okay to act with anger and violence, and that these are solutions to their problems. Then parents get mad at them for mimicking them and their environment, and then what happens? Most of the time parents show more anger, yelling, and sometimes use violence to correct them. With all of this, I believe that itd be nice to have a professional help parents in revise to teach them the proper way of disciplining without aggression, and to help children learn the right way of solve their everyday problems.Communication and discipline problems between parents and children are very common and can entrust to marital problems as well. Divorce and the creation of stepfamilies also form difficulties. Often, the partners themselves are the problem because of poor communication, continuous conflict, sexual problems or even in-law problems. If a low income mother and child had counseling how do you think it would affect them? I think that not only would the child benefit from it, but it may even teach the mother what is possible for her a split up job, how to find a stronger more secure relationship, and how to teach her child.The child would learn skills, and by doing so, set goals for future achievements. With the help of a counselor and a well taught mother, the probability of the child may doing crime, selling or using drugs, participating in a gang, or living in prison, is significantly lower. Strengthening communication skills is also important, often time teens can be to out spoken and not think before they say something that can hurt someone feelings. former(a) times teens can be really shy and not open up to anyone. Communication skills are fundamental, and should be worked on.Communication is a skill that ordain have to be worked on throughout life because in different environments different communication skills will be needed. The biggest negative about family counseling is the cost. on that point would probably be families or certain people in the family that did not contribute in the experience, which means that the counseling would have little or no effect on their lives. Another downside is that it is possible in the environment to focus on one person and blame them for certain family problems. I am certain(p) that there are other negatives about fam ily counseling but in my opinion nothing really significant.I think that the government can use add to schooling tax dollars and use some of it for this program. Regardless if all families and all family members use the program to benefit, I think many people Family counseling relates to the narratives in many ways. Some of the families experience a death, others have parents get divorced, or teens getting pregnant and having a baby. I think counseling could help with these major emotional distresses, and also help with the everyday problems that some of the other narratives experience as well.The narrative represent just a few people in our society, but I believe that they, standardised most people, could use a little more guidance to stay on a stable, palmy path with strong relationships and a positive knowing belief in themselves. I think this program should be financially supported from the government. It should become a law in which I think will ultimately preserve our rights and freewill. Laws are being passed all the time that conflict with our constitution and with crime and idolize spreading epidemically its just a matter of time before most citizens will give the government complete control in order to stop the chaos.The foundation of this country is crumbling and I think it is time to reinforce it, so that we can continue to follow the path of our dreams, and not fall like every great kingdom in the past. I believe to stay as a free country, and a prosperous nation thing have to change, in fact many things will probably have to change. I think my idea of a professional guiding both, parents to raise their kids and to help lead kids to overcome difficulties is a good starting place for a significant change in this country.I think that counseling could help with every family, even if it is just to bring them closer together. Whether it is a stable family, or a family with stepparents and stepsiblings, that need to learn that these people are now so meone that is going to ever so be around, and are in the same situation. They can learn from one another and become close like real family. From family counseling our society mayhap better educated, more responsible, less violent, more dependable, and have a stronger sense of belonging.

The Fear Of Sex Offenders Criminology Essay

The Fear Of fire Offenders Criminology EssayIn previous years, the fear of invoke offenders has led the open to trust a fallacy regarding hinge upon offender interference. The public often start to view everyone who commits a spangledgeable offence to be a high risk energise offender. Society need to get a line that some elicit offenders atomic number 18 low risk offenders who argon very un presumable to reoffend again. The public will easily say kindle offenders should be thrown and twisted in prison and never let out again however this is an inefficient way in helping offenders to stop committing crime. Crime overall is a major problem around the world and a controversial debate that often brings up more questions than it answers. Explaining these criminal deportments has become more complex as researchers have become aw be that crime is a more complicated and confusing situation than they have previously recognized (Burke,2005). This essay is intended to disassembl e the myth of the untreatable sex offender. In addition it will also cover and provide conclusive evidence from programmes that sex offender manipulation is not write outly possible but to a large extent is fortunate in reducing the recidivism of sex offenders. Before this is examined, this paper will briefly define what a sex offender is, what derives people to become one and how the government has tried to prevent sex delinquents from re-offending.A sex offender is a person who has commit a versed crime, an act which is prohibited by the jurisdiction. What constitutes a sex offence or normal and abnormal internal behaviour varies over measure and place (Pakes Winstone, 2007). Every country has a different perspective on sexual crimes which dispatchs their legislation vary even the age of consent to a sexual act is a culturally based construction. The age of consent median seems to range from 16 to 18 years, but laws stating ages ranging from 9 to 21 do exist. This elbow r oom that in some countries sexual activity is illegal and in some it is legal. umteen people tend to think sexual offending mainly relates to heavy(a) rape or child molestation (Pakes Winstones, 2007), but there are some(prenominal) other types of sex crimes such as lust murder, mesh grooming, sexual harassment, incest, etc. It is very difficult to distinguish the difference between sex offenders with non-offenders. It is presumed that m each sex offenders have various sexual abnormal fantasies or an grotesque high sex drive (Elsevier, 2007-PRINTOUT). People tend to call back most sexual offences are committed by strangers but the truth is most victims cognize their attacker and also they are not any different to normal people (CSOM). Most sex offenders are not mentally ill as shown in this article Fewer than 5% of people who commit a sexual offence suffer from a psychotic mental illness (Nota).Many theories try to explain why people commit sexual offences. Since sexual dev iance takes several forms, no single theory maybe adequate to peak for all aspects (Blackburn, 1993), Ellis (1989) identifies two major theories which will infraline the most common approaches to as why a person may want to become a sex offender. Social learning theory suggests people learn and get exposed to certain things in life in which the person start to believe it is the right way to live life. This theory focuses on childhood experiences, especially at heart the family by either getting victimised by an adult at home or by getting exposure to pornography at a young age. This experience might lead them to being insecure and admit them want to be in power instead of being the one subjected. The second theory Ellis supports is the Evolutionary theory which can also be cognise as the biological theory. This theory connects with genetics and male aggression. There is lacking evidence to support any theory.Getting victimized by a sex offender can be very traumatising and psy chologically damaging. The public and media seem to merely worry about two types of crime which are both sex crimes sexually offending against women or children. arouse offenders have been change magnitudely a focus of attention by the criminal justice system over the yesteryear decade (Thomas, 2000). In recent years, many countries have started to change their laws regarding sex offenders. The criminal justice system is strengthening the legislation and revising punishments as the public believe it is too lenient.Before the outlaw justice Act 1991, the laws on sex offences were very old coming back from the Sexual Offences Act 1956 (Pakes Winstone, 2007). following came along the Sex Offenders Act 1997, this Act made it easier to manage, and identify the offender on community release. Sex offenders had to register their addresses and names with the police which helped manage and treasure the public. It was mainly prepared to reduce the risk within the public so every sex of fender can be monitored for up to 5 years. In 1998 the Crime and Disorder Act (Section 58), paid attention to extending the post-release supervision of sex offenders to a maximum of 10 years for a prison sentence of any length, and Section 2 introduced the Sex Offender Order. A sex offender order is a civil preventative order made by a magistrates court on application by the police. If the police consider that a sex offender has acted in a way that gives reasonable cause to believe that an order is necessary to protect the public from serious harm by him, then they can apply for an order. The order may place a chassis of prohibitions as necessary to protect the public from serious harm by that person. For example, he might be prevented from entering childrens playgrounds or visiting swimming pools. The intermit of any of these prohibitions carries a maximum penalty of five years imprisonment. ((This can be used to prevent sex offenders from going to specific locations))- legislat ion.go.uk)). Since this has taken place, the laws in 2003 changed which introduced longer sentences, which allow for lengthy periods of formal supervision in the community, and for high risk sex offenders the life sentence was put into effect (Pakes Winstones, 2007). The Sexual Criminal Act 2003 also redefined the guessing of rape by including penetration to the vagina, anus or mouth with his penis without lack of consent (legislation.co.uk). Internet grooming is defined to be illegal in this Act as well. This is when an adult tries to arrange meetings and/or has sexual conversions online.So, what happens to those that are convicted? Nearly two-thirds of sex offenders immediately go to prison (Homeoffice, 2003c), the symmetry are taken care of by probation or supervision orders, fines and some are totally discharged. The ones who are convicted or charged are often take to record their names in the sex offender registry. These databases are classified into levels and are open to the public. A serious high risk sex offender must register for the rest of their lives whereas a low risk sex offender has to register for a certain period of time. There are many advantages and disadvantages of the Sex offender Registry. Some of the advantages are that the public can easily access information about sex offenders on the internet, citizens have the right to know if there is a sex offender in their area, and the right of innocent children and others to safety outweighs the right of sex offenders to privacy. The disadvantages are many records are often inexact or not updated, this practice makes it hard for ex-offenders to look for a house or job and some seem to believe this information could lead to networking within sexual offenders.According to the Review of Sex offender Treatment course of instructions (1998) the highest risk sex offenders appear to be characterised by the following factors criminal history, convicted of diverse sexual offending (different victi m ages, gender, or location), antisocial lifestyle, emotional loneliness, denial, psychopathic personality, low victim empathy and problem solving abilities and lastly sexually deviant arousal or fantasies.These criminals either being in prison, have been recently released from prison or have not been sent into prison at all run the alike(p) type of discourse programmes. A cognitive behavioural approach is mainly used or anti-libidinal medication (Perkins, 1998). The aim of the each programme is to challenge offenders falsify thoughts and reasoning in relation to their victims and to help manage their impulses by providing alternative courses of action which they view as being more rewarding (Worall Hoy, 2005). Many of the preaching programmes are taken place within group format unless the sex offender has a higher risk then it is a one-on-one basis. Sex offender treatment programmes require at least 80 hours of treatment (Evenden, 2008). In the last ten years, the British Pris on Service has developed a largely group-based treatment programme for sex offenders to reduce crime rates (Thornton and Hogue, 1993), and this has led to the development of a national Sex Offender Treatment Programme (SOTP), which is now the largest of its kind in the world. The prison offender behaviour Programme Unit manages the SOTP. SOTP have made a criterion for all of the sex offenders in prison or attending programmes outside of prison. This criterion has ten characteristics which a sex offender treatment programme should have to be successful (Journal Site).Contains an translucent theoretical model of how the programme is meant to bring about changeIncludes a clear specification of the types of offender for whom the programme is intendedAddresses a range of dynamic risk factors known to be associated with re-offendingThe treatment methods used are likely to have an impact on the targeted dynamic risk factorsSkills are taught that will look participants in avoiding crimin al activities and facilitate their involvement in legitimate pursuitsThere is a rationale for the sequencing, intensity and duration of different programme componentsThe programme is incorporate to maximize and sustain the engagement of participantsThere are clear links between the programme and the overall management of the offenderThere is provision to monitor programme integrity (is it being delivered as intended?)There is provision to evaluate the efficacy of the programmeThe main goal of the sex offender treatment programmes are that the person avoids committing another offence in the future. The offender must admit he is guilty for him or her to be a part of the program. It is a condition of acceptance into the programme, not agreeing is breaching the law and the offender can be sent back to prison. Many programmes follow this rule but it is not through with(p) everywhere. The programme expects the perpetrator to admit his mistakes, to talk about his unacceptable behaviour, expresses feelings, remorse for them and is agrees to apologize to the victim. To reduce reconviction rates many people suggest to also accrue the sexual arousal. Sexual arousal is one of the key factors which can lead to sex offending. Psychiatrists contribute to the treatment of sex offenders as well, not only prison officers and probation officers. Psychiatrists prescribe the medication, which has shown to reduce crime (Grublin, 2007).The most effective way to manage and supervise potentially dangerous offenders in the community is for the relevant agencies to work together. This compact work is directed and governed by the national Multi-Agency Public Protection Arrangements (MAPPA). The MAPPA was created nationally on 1st April 2001. MAPPA works with a number of other agencies are under a duty to co-operate with the Responsible Authority. These include Children Services, Adult Social Services, Health Trusts and Authorities, Youth Offending Teams, local housing authorities and certain registered social landlords, Jobcentre Plus, and electronic monitoring providers. The purposes of MAPPA are to ensure more comprehensive risk assessments are completed, taking advantage of co-ordinated information sharing across the agencies and to direct the available resources to crush protect the public from serious harm. MAPPA deal with the management of sexual and knockdown-dragout offenders convicted by a court of a relevant offence or those whose behaviour poses a significant risk of harm to the public. After a comprehensive risk assessment, a system comprising three levels is used to make sure that those offenders who may pose the highest risk, receive the greatest degree of scrutiny and oversight. Who are the MAPPA offenders? There are three categories of offender eligible for MAPPA.Registered Sexual Offenders (Category 1) sexual offenders who are require to notify the police of their name, address and other personal details and notify any changes subsequentlyV iolent Offenders (Category 2) offenders sentenced to imprisonment/detention for 12 months or more, or detained under hospital orders.Other Dangerous Offenders (Category 3) offenders who do not qualify under categories 1 or 2 but who currently pose a risk of serious harm.There are 3 categories include supervising the offenders, arranging meetings between agencies to see which type of treatment the offender necessarily, police surveillance, specialize accommodation, and/or to provide ongoing senior management oversight.In the last year, MAPPA in Cumbria has worked in partnership with Circles UK, a national charity set up to encourage the development of Circles of Support and Accountability.Circles of support and accountability was first introduced in Canada about 15 years ago. The purpose of this programme is to support and reintegrate sex offenders who are about to be put back into the community. This idea was introduced to the UK by the Quakers. Sex offenders are lonely people w ho feel isolated when they are released into the community. These types of feelings make them re-offend. Circles pay attention to employment, financial difficulties, isolation and loneliness (circle journal). Circles believe that the act sex offenders have committed may be monstrous but that doesnt mean they are monsters. They believe sex offenders needs to be shown care and humanity to help them avoid further offending. The individual becomes a core member of the Circle. They are expected to commit and open within the Circle. They also promise that there will be no more victims by his or (her) hand, and that he or she will follow the laid down release plan (print out). Circles do involve the police and probation officers if any problem arises. Circles take place weekly. They consist of four-spot to six volunteers taken from different faith communities.Sex offender programs/strategies are administered in prison and/or in the community to manage sex offenders. terzetto common thera peutic approaches to treating sex offenders areThe cognitive-behavioral approach, which focuses on changing thinking patterns related to sexual offending and changing deviant patterns of sexual behavior.The psycho-educational approach, which focuses on increasing offenders empathy for the victim while also teaching them to take responsibility for their sexual offenses.The pharmacological approach, which uses medication to reduce sexual response.Research has shown that sex offender treatment programs tend to have a high percentage of offenders who are either expelled from or drop out of treatment. Higher risk offenders and those who are mandated to receive treatment are the most likely to drop out. Fewer individuals drop out of cognitive-behavioral than hormonal treatment. Offenders who are married and employed are more likely to complete treatment. Offenders who do not complete treatment are more likely to commit subsequent sexual offenses than those who do complete treatment.Cognit ive behavioral therapies are known to be effective treatment interventions that have helped lower the recidivism rates. This is the most common therapy used within sex offenders. Most sex offenders are let off and released within the community under supervision before there sentence is completed.Some other type of sex offender treatment programmes that are taken place in America are the Sex Offender Groupwork Programme (SOGP) for adult male offenders whose victims are children. Specialist assessment is required for this intensive programme and Internet Sex Offender Treatment Programme (I-SOTP) for male offenders with convictions for internet only sex offences. It is designed to reduce the risk of future internet offending and progression to contact sex offending.There is a tremendous need for effective interventions that can lower the recidivism rates of sexual offenders.EFFECTIVE? Whether sex offender treatment is effective in reducing recidivism continues to be debated and reach ing firm conclusions on this issue is complicated by the lack of high spirit studies.Longer programmes are perhaps predicable, more effective than short ones and programmes which teach offenders technique which they can utilize themselves, especially to prevent relapse, are also successful ( book) 172.Sexual recidivism is generally lower than general recidivism.Different studies used different criteria for sexual recidivism.Effectiveness for register -There have been many controversial arguments regarding the use of Sex Offender Register. Criminals who committed crimes before 1997, were not a part of this registry, criminals with acute risk to the public were exempt from the list and there is no national sex offender register (Pakes Winstone, 2007)Mention 2 casesMAPPA Treatment programmes have been researched regarding their impact on re conviction The group work treatment programmes in prisons and in the community have demonstrated effectiveness in reducing the re-conviction rate s. Offenders successfully completing these programmes are 3 times less likely to be re convicted of a sexual offence and 5 times less likely to be re-convicted of a violent offence than offenders who have not completed the programmes. (NOTA) break off 3 There have been many debates about the rehabilitation help and its success rates.Circle of support reduced re ffending70% The Canadian model has be to work. Re-conviction rates have halved and those who did re-offend committed less serious offences (paper).Conclusion In order to assess and treat a sexual offender effectively, therefore, one needs to obtain a realistic account of his psychosexuality , something that is notoriously difficult to do (Elsevier, 2007). or (Grubin, 2007).Maybe use another type of approach not only cognitive/behaviour but also psychotherapy and skills therapy to improve results.Programmes are constantly evolving as new information becomes available.Improvements will continue.Every step of this process is vital to reducing the risk a sex offender poses when he or she is returned to the community.Assuming every coach, every priest, every teacher is not likely to be a sexual predator, but that one could be and that you will not know if he is. Given that we cannot detect child molesters or rapists with any consistency, we must pay attention to ways of deflecting any potential offenders from getting access to us or to our children(Salter,2003)Anthony RiceLong history of sexual and violent attacksConvicted 1989, given discretionary life sentenceReleased on life license Nov 2004 after 15yr prison term.Killed Naomi Bryant in August 2005ROY WHITING The sex offender commonwealth is increasing and most of these offenders will be released into the community without having received any treatment.(((ARTICLE))

Introduction Of Copd Health And Social Care Essay

Introduction Of Copd Health And Social C be EssayChronic Obstructive pneumonic indisposition is a group of inveterate and progressive respiratory disorders that ar characterized by an air powerway obstruction with little or no reversibility. Damage to the lungs continues to buzz off suspire gradually more difficult over time. Two clinical conditions often associated under the diagnosis of COPD are chronic bronchitis and emphysema, which obstruct or limit air flow into the lung fields.Chronic bronchitis is the presence of chronic productive cough for three months in all(prenominal) of two consecutive years in a uncomplaining in whom other exploits of chronic cough have been excluded. Emphysema is an abnormal permanent enlargement of the air spaces distal to the terminal bronchioles, accompanied by destruction of their walls and with out obvious fibrosis (Lewis, S., Heitkemper, M., Dirksen, S., OBrien, P., Bucher, L., 2007, p. 629).Most long-sufferings diagnosed with COPD suffer from both pathological conditions, exactly manifestations rump vary signifi batchtly from uncomplaining to patient. tally to Medline Plus (n.d.),Your air sbrimway branch out in posture your lungs standardized an upside-down tree. At the end of each branch are small, balloon-like air sacs. In wellnessy people, both the airways and air sacs are spring and stretch. When you breathe in, each air sac fills with air like a small balloon. The balloon deflates when you exhale. In COPD, your airways and air sacs lose their shape and become floppy, like a stretched-out sorry band (Medline Plus, n.d., space-reflection symmetry.2).These disease processes affect the bronchi, bronchioles and lung parenchyma with predominance on distal airway.COPD is a growing health problem non only in the United States, but also worldwide. In 2005, approximately one in 20 deaths in the United States had COPD as the underlying cause. Smoking is estimated to be responsible for at least 75% of COPD deaths (Centers for complaint Control and Prevention, 2008, para.1). The Centers for complaint Control and Prevention (CDC) also estimates that there are over 119,000 deaths, 726,000 hospitalizations, and 1.5 million hospital emergency de secernatement visits are cause by COPD annually(Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2009, para. 2). Even more alarming are the statistics world-wide. The World Health Organization (WHO) (2007), revealed that currently 210 million people have COPD and 3 million people died of COPD in 2005. WHO predicts that COPD ordain become the third eliminateing cause of death worldwide by 2030 (World Health Organization, 2009, para.3). With statistics this rampant, what exactly are the manifestations that cause COPD?Etiology/PrognosisThere are several causes of COPD. Of all potential inhaled pollutants, cigarette smoking is the primary risk factor thought to yield to COPD. Patients with a history of smoking a study per day, over forty years, are e specially predictive of COPD development. Exposure to passive cigarette smoking, air pollution, occupational hazards much(prenominal) as dust or fine particles (coal or silica dust, asbestos) and childhood respiratory disorders such(prenominal) as severe viral pneumonia can also contribute to the development of COPD. The sr., patients with a low body weight and clients with a history of alcohol abuse are also susceptible.Prognosis of COPD is highly dependent upon the stop to which the patients breathing is affected and the superpower to manage dyspnea, the ability of the heart to oxygenate other body systems. It is also dependent upon how damaged the lungs are upon diagnosis and if they are competent to continue to oxygenate the blood without difficulty. Early diagnosis of COPD can help identify predisposing factors such as smoking, and help provide a offend prognosis by smoking cessation and deep breathing exercises to help ensure that the disease does not progress. A late diagnosis, that has affected the patients ability to perfuse vital organs, can result in organ failure on multiple levels and prognosis can be very grim. Further evaluation whitethorn be needed to determine the full extent of damage from lack of tissue perfusion.PathophysiologyChronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease can be a result of chronic bronchitis and emphysema. An enlargement and multitude of mucous glands are produced with chronic bronchitis, resulting in an increased mucous production and a characteristic cough. Apart from the do of mucous produced the quality of the mucous also becomes more viscous in nature, making it harder for the patient to expel. Accumulation of excess mucous secretion causes airway obstruction in the peripheral airway and therefore an increase in airway resistance. Lymphocytes, neutrophils and macrophages also accumulate which can lead to fibrosis or a formation of excess thready connective tissue in the lung fields as an attempt to repair the a rea.Emphysema results in large part from an enlargement of airspaces distal to terminal bronchioles. The way out of elasticity of the lung tissue and the closure of small airways is payable to the destruction of the alveolar walls. When the connective tissue is destroyed in the alveolar walls, protease is released, further destroying elastin and inhibiting the ability of the alveoli to recoil. Protease affects structural integrity of the alveolar wall. In a healthy individual, the ability of the alveoli to recoil helps to maintain the patency of the airway lumen, especially during expiration.With COPD, there is flow of air limitation imputable to loss of alveolar attachments, inflammatory obstruction of airways and obstruction of the terminal branches with mucus. Airways begin to narrow due to the inflammation, resulting in a loss of elastic recoil and loss of alveolar attachments. Ciliary function in COPD is also abnormally impeded. Cilia in the airway wall normally acts as a dr ag to help thrust mucus or other foreign bodies toward the trachea for expulsion from the body. This function is often impeded by the thick and firm mucus often seen with chronic bronchitis. Lack of ciliary function increases the risk of recurrent infections in the lungs due to accumulation of these foreign particles within the lung fields. Destruction of the alveoli and profuse mucous accumulation destroys the ability of the body to deliver oxygen, resulting in hypoxia. The patient suffering from COPD often struggles to breathe and hypoxic- tie in dyspnea systemically affects other areas of the body often leading to pulmonary hypertension and heart problems such as heart attacks and right-sided heart failure. Patients with COPD are more prone to respiratory infections, lung cancer and depression. Signs and symptoms of COPD usually do not chance until significant damage to the lungs and other body systems have occurred.Signs and SymptomsPatients with COPD usually present with signs and symptoms of both emphysema and chronic bronchitis to include a continuous hacking-type cough that produces a thick mucus which is often hard to expectorate. Patient may also complain of significant precipitance of breath that presents particularly with exercise or exertion. Clients may also complain of difficulty sleeping with constant generativeigue and an abrupt, unplanned weight loss. Patients typically also present with quick breathing, barrel-like distention to chest and impart sit often in a tripod position, leaning forward with arms braced against their knees, chair, or bed. This lend oneselfs them leverage so that their rectus abdominus, intercostals, and accessory neck muscles all can aid in expiration (Jarvis, C., 2008, p. 449). Due to lack of oxygen the patient might also present with cyanosis of the skin, wheezing and chest tightness, with possible signs and symptoms of respiratory infection. Patients with COPD can also experience exacerbations, which are perio ds or episodes where the patients COPD symptoms can suddenly worsen. Exacerbations can be caused by flu, infections or exertion. Other contributing factors include a rapid change in humidity or temperature, delineation to smoke or other pollutants, allergens and dust. According to report from the Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease (GOLD) (2009), COPD can be broken down into quaternity versatile stages to includeStage I mild COPD Characterized by mild airflow limitation predicted. Symptoms of chronic cough and sputum production may be present, but not always. At this stage, the individual is usually unaware that his or her lung function is abnormal. Stage II moderate COPD Characterized by worsening airflow limitation with shortness of breath typically developing on exertion, with a productive cough. This is the stage at which patients typically seek medical attention because of chronic respiratory symptoms or an exacerbation of their disease. Stage III severe COPD Characterized by further worsening of airflow limitation, patient experiences an even greater degree of shortness of breath, reduced exercise capacity, fatigue, and repeated exacerbations that almost always have an impact on patients quality of life. Stage IV very severe COPD Characterized by severe airflow limitation with the presence of chronic respiratory failure. Respiratory failure may also lead to effects on the heart such as cor pulmonale (right heart failure). At this stage, quality of life is very appreciably impaired and exacerbations may be life enceinte (GOLD Report, 2009, p.4).With the varying manifestations in the progression of the disease, providers must build into account the assortment of challenges and medical interventions necessary in the handling of COPD.COPD Medical InterventionsDiet Plan inevitably and ModificationsIndividuals with COPD have overall muscular weakness, including the respiratory muscles, that relates to systemic inflammatory process in the lungs. Diet is an important factor to take into consideration, especially in the elderly because the risk for malnutrition increases. COPD and malnutrition go hand in hand, malnutrition and a low BMI of Individuals who are underweight have an underlying problem that relates to an increased metabolism and the breakdown of inhering nutrients for postcode requirements. In these individuals it is best to modify their eating habits, with frequent breaks to lessen fatigue. It takes a lot of energy to metabolize food, breathing and eating become harder, the individual may have to choose between taking a gasp of air or a bite of food (ONeill, 2004, para. 3). For those who are overweight, the problem as it relates to COPD is due to excess abdominal fat. Abdominal fat prevents the diaphragm from expanding completely, which causes a decrease in oxygen availability. This decrease in oxygen compromises the cardiovascular system due to the inadequate amount of oxygen being delivered to t he heart and throughout the body.Both malnourished and obese individuals need to monitor weight, food and fluid intake daily. According to Peggy ONeil (2004), intake of fluids, calories, protein, calcium and chiliad all play a role in protecting immunity and easing breathing (ONeil, 2004, para. 8). The American Lung Association states that the metabolism of each nutrient requires a different amount of oxygen and produces a different amount of carbon dioxide. Metabolism of carbohydrates produces the most carbon dioxide for the amount of oxygen used metabolism of fat produces the least (American Lung Association, 2010, para. 3). Good sources of fat should come from unsaturated fats such as nuts, olive oil, soy and avocados. Protein is essential for muscle repair and assists in the healing process when an infection or injury occurs. ONeil recommends that generally two cups of milk plus six ounces of protein from other sources each day provide four servings of high-quality protein, good sources of protein, which is adequate for aboutone with COPD (ONeil, para. 12). Potassium is found in fruits, vegetables, dairy products and meats and are key to control blood pressure, muscle contraction, and nerve impulses transmission. Normal serum potassium levels help with optimal muscle contraction to aid breathing (ONeill, para. 15). Excessive need for increased nutritional intake is imperative for the adequate daily carrying into action and maintenance in the COPD client.In order to facilitate sufficient digestion and proper absorption of food the patient should remain upright after meals to prevent the leap out from pushing on his diaphragmlimit intake of carbonated beveragesand to consume soft, easy-to-chew foods to prevent him from becoming short of breathe while eating (ONeil, 2004, para. 16). Consumption of clear fluids should be encouraged to prevent dehydration and also to help thin mucous secretions.Appropriate Medications and DiagnosisAlthough there is controver sy over the amount of oxygen to give a patient with COPD, it is generally understood that the long term use of oxygen therapy improves survival, exercise capacity, cognitive performance, and sleep (Lewis et al., p. 640). There are various ways that oxygen therapy can be administered to a patient with COPD. In hospitals the most precise delivery of oxygen therapy is through the use of the venturi mask, however most patients favour to use the nasal cannula. The structure of the nasal cannula allows the patient to perform daily activities such as eating and talking without interrupting oxygen delivery. When oxygen therapy is used in conjunction with smoking cessation it improves the patients quality of life by change magnitude the amount of available oxygen and increasing systemic perfusion.Depending on the severity of COPD, bronchodilators such as beta2-antagonist, anticholinergic, and methylxanthine (Lewis et al., 2007, p. 639) will be given to depressurise the smooth muscles of t he airway, and to increase gas exchange. These medications can be administered as an inhalant or by the spontaneous route. For those experiencing moderate-to-severe COPD, glucocorticoid therapy may be combined with a bronchodilator to decrease inflammation of the airways. Inhaled glucocorticoids are preferred over oral glucocorticoids for long term treatment, because oral treatments can lead to adrenal insufficiency and Cushings syndrome. (See Appendix A). Patient should expect to experience improved oxygen utilization.Diagnostic Tests and Lab WorkPulmonary functions test measures the intake and take of air in the lungs and is used to confirm the diagnosis of COPD. There are four components to pulmonary function testing, which consist of spirometry, postbronchodilator spirometry, lung volumes, and diffusion capacity (Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease Diagnosis, 2010, para. 3). Also, there are many diagnostic studies that support the diagnosis of COPD, such as chest x-rays, art erial blood gases, echocardiogram and electrocardiogram (ECG) (Lewis et al., p. 638).X-rays are not the preferred method of diagnosing COPD since it cannot pick up abnormalities until COPD is in the later stages. Arterial blood gases are performed to monitor the amount of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the blood. In individuals with COPD typical findings are low PaCO2, elevated PaCO2, decreased or low-normal pH, and increased bicarbonate (HCO3) levels (Lewis et al., 2007, p. 638). COPD can cause right sided heart failure related to pulmonary hypertension so patient should be monitored regularly by ECG and echocardiogram.As discussed earlier, changes in the lungs are related to smoking, toxins in the environment or occupation. In order to identify the causative effects of these toxin, clinical trials are being conducted to development new diagnostic tests that are aimed at identify earlier neoplastic changes in the lung. For example, advanced imaging techniques such as the PET scan is able to reveal metabolically active nodule that are highly apocalyptic of malevolence (Petty Miller, n.d. p. 7), that could not be found with prior diagnostic tests. Also, a tissue autofluorescence, which is an enhanced bronchoscopy technique, can indicate a high likelihood of malignancy (Petty Miller, p. 7) in the lung tissue, that cannot be seen in a CT scan or chest X-ray. Hopefully, these clinical studies as they become available to the general population, will not only identify acute changes in the lung structure in advance, but also could potentially assist in finding a cure for lung diseases. treatment and Treatment OptionsMedications can make COPD patients more comfortable, but there is no overall curative treatment. The disease itself extends beyond the airways and lungs to include other body systems, (Barnett, 2008, p. 30). The death in treatment is aimed at the controlling the symptoms involved in these various areas of the body and to reduce the inflammatory respon se in the lungs. To do this, the patient will need to modify their diet and lifestyle habit to prolong the quality of their life.As discussed earlier, emphysema and bronchitis constitute the disease known as COPD. The management and treatment of these two diseases is necessary for the patient to live a quality life. The medical treatments used to treat COPD was reviewed earlier, there are also non-pharmacological treatment options available that windy the progression of the disease and the symptoms of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.One non-pharmacological treatment option is pulmonary rehabilitation. The goal of this treatment is tobreak the vicious cycle of increasing inactivity, breathlessness and somatogenetic de-condition, and improving exercise capacity and functional status as well as improving individual patients self-management skillsPulmonary rehabilitation is conducted by physiotherapist and respiratory wet-nurses. Each session is based on the patient exercise to lerance and consists of one to two sessions a week for about an hour, for 6-8 weeks so followed by an educational component to enable to the patient to make lifestyle changes to help them cope better with living with COPD (Barnett, p. 31).There are various energy conservation techniques that a patient can use to improve the quality of available oxygen.Often COPD patients struggle to breathe. The overall goal of the following energy conservation techniques is to help the patient breath better and to improve activities of daily living by relieving the distressing symptoms that accompany COPD. According to Barnett (2008), these techniques areExhale during strenuous part of an activity and use pursed lips to reduce to work of breathing, alter strenuous activities with easier tasks, place items within easy reach, to reduce bending and stretching for items, If needed, use aids and equipment such as electronic wheel chairs and to sit down to perform many of the daily activities (Barnett, 2008, p. 32).With a healthy individual, there is a low residual of air that remains in the lung. With the COPD patient, the volume of trapped air is increased and therefore decreases oxygen exchange within the lungs. Stress reducing techniques can help relax the patient. Therefore the patient can exhale the excess retained carbon dioxide and inhale even greater amounts of saturated oxygen with each new breathe. Hence, the qualification of oxygen and carbon dioxide exchange is improved.Individuals should be updated on immunizations, even more so if a patient has COPD. According to the CDC (2010) adult immunization schedule, patients with chronic lung disease are required to have one annual influenza and one or two pneumococcal inoculations within the patients lifetime (CDC, 2010, p. 2). If the patient becomes infected with influenza or pneumonia, damage to the lung fields can be exacerbated if not treated quickly and can possibly lead to death.COPD Holistic Assessment of PatientSce narioMr. Johnson is a 73 year old male who has presented to the Emergency Department for the third time this week with dyspnea. Patient has been smoking a minimum of one pack per day for the past 46 years. Patient is currently on two liters of supplemental oxygen at home via nasal cannula and states that he cannot seem to overtake his breath. Mr. Johnson is leaning over the side of the bed in tripod position, gasping with supraclavicular retractions noted on inhalation. As a nurse, what do you think could be wrong with your patient? tangible AssessmentUpon further evaluation, the nurse notices that Mr. Johnson also has a non-productive hacking-type cough that has persisted throughout the triage process. Mr. Johnson complains, I just cannot seem to get this thick mucus up out of my throat and I regain like I am suffocating, like I cannot catch my breath Patient appears to be bracing himself over the side of the chair in a tripod position. The nurse is a waiting for the provider to place orders in the computer for the clients chest x-ray. A venturi mask is placed on the patient and oxygen delivery is set to be administered at three liters of oxygen per minutes. This intervention successfully alleviates the patients rapid and shallow respirations, as well as the circumoralcyanosis. Upon auscultation the nurse notices diminished lung sounds over the left and right lower lung fields with auditory wheezing upon exhalation. The nurse also notices a barrel-like distention to the patients chest. The nurse begins to take the patient to radiology and abruptly stops as the patient begins to weep inconsolably. What could be the likely factor associated with the emotional reaction exhibited with the patient?Psychosocial AssessmentTo make an accurate assessment of the patients psychological reaction, the nurse casually begins to inquire about the patients daily activities. The patient divulges to the nurse that he has lost his job, is no longer able to care for himself and feels a sense of guilt that he has become burdensome on his family members. Patient states, I have a loving family, but feel as though they would be better off without me. I know I shouldnt feel this way, but I have been depressed and feeling lonely(a) for some time now. The nurse recognizes that the patient is displaying signs of depression, low self-esteem and lack of autonomy with loss of control over his personal life. The priority nursing interventions for this patient should include a referral to a mental health agency and community outreach programs that can assist the patient to meet the psychological strains produced by his current health situation. The patient then covers his face and whispers in a soft undertone, I cannot even afford to pay for my groceries, much less this visit How can I afford this referral? With this statement in mind, what priority nursing assessment should the nurse consider?Socioeconomic AssessmentMr. Johnson is one of many faces dealing with the strains and financial affliction associated with COPD. The overall costs of COPD are overwhelming. According to the Harvard University (2008), the annual cost to the nation for COPD (emphysema and bronchitis) is approximately $32.1 billion, including healthcare expenditures of $18.0 billion and indirect costs of $14.1 billion (Harvard University Healthcare delivery- Deconstructing the costs, 2008, para 58). The global statistics are even more astounding. According to the American College of Chest Physicians (2003), the global direct yearly costs of chronic bronchitis and COPD patient was $1876. The cost generated by the patients with COPD was $1,760.00 per patient/year/costs, but the cost of severe cases ($2,911 per year) per patient/year/costs was almost double that of mild cases ($1484 per year) per patient/year/costs (Miravitlles, Murio, Guerrero, Gisbert, 2003, p.786). With these statistics in mind, what are some of the teaching points that a nurse can utilize to assist the CO PD patient?Health Teaching and Community ResourcesThe nurse must take in various considerations when assisting the COPD patient. How well is the patient able to tolerate activity? Does the patient suffer from dyspnea related disturbance in their sleep pattern? What are the patients physical or financial resources? A patient that has a hard time meeting monthly utility bills is far less likely to be manipulable with a medical regime. The nurse should focus on trying to coordinate social work service to help the patient to meet healthcare needs. If the patient has a family member, how does this affect his or her role if they are primary breed winner in the family? Interview should point out any psychological stressors that may be affecting the patient and should determine if therapy may be required.Primary education should focus on convincing the patient to quit smoking. Inform the patient to keep up to date on immunizations such as annual flu and pneumonia vaccines. Patient should c ompliantly take prescribed medications and avoid second-hand smoke or exposure to other irritants such as dust, smog, extreme heat or cold and high altitudes, pollutants that can exacerbate symptoms. COPD patients must increase fluid intake to decrease viscosity of mucous secretions in addition to maintaining an adequate nutritional status to facilitate extra nutritional requirements. Diets should be low in saturated fat and should include various fruits, vegetables and whole grains. Highly emphasize to the patient that use of oxygen therapy should be only used as directed and control of respirations with pursed lip technique. Direct the patient to take frequent breaks to minimize fatigue. Pacing of activities throughout the day will minimize undue stress on the lungs. It may be necessary to coordinate follow-up appointments for the patient however signs and symptoms such as shortness of breath, wheezing or the desire to lean forward to aid in breathing will warrant an earlier visit . A trip to the emergency room will be necessary if the patient starts to have sudden, severe shortness of breath, or if they become lightheaded, weak, faint or experience chest pain with a rapid, irregular heart rate.ConclusionChronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease is a progressive and debilitating disease process that wreaks havoc on the patients cardiovascular and respiratory systems. Management of COPD can be maintained and symptoms minimized through adequate diet interventions, medication regimens, completing diagnostic exams and lab tests. Though COPD is a preventable disease, the realistic nature of the disease process requires a nurse that is knowledgeable, caring and sympathetic to the patients overall needs.

Mosquito Species Detection using Smart Phone

Mosquito Species Detection utilise Smart PhoneAbstract-harmonize to WHO(World Health Organization) re-ports, among solely disease transmitting insects mosquito is the approximately hazardous insect. In 2015 alone, 214 million cases of malaria were registered worldwide. Zika virus is another(prenominal) deadly disease transmitted from mosquitoes. According to CDC report, in 2016 62,500 suspected case of Zika were reported to the Puerto Rico Department of Health (PRDH) out of which 29,345 cases were found positive. There are 3500 una corresponding species of mosquitoes present in the world out of which 175 types is found in United States. But only few of them are responsible for these preceding(prenominal) mentioned fatal disease. Therefore categorisation between hazardous and regular mosquitoes are very important. For regular person with no expertise in this field would be almost impossible to identify the difference. Even for the mosquito-expert, identifying divergent speci es is a very tedious and time consuming job. Hence in this paper, we have tried to relegate 7 different species of dead mosquitoes with add together 60 attempts poised from Hillsborough County Mosquito and Aquatic Weed Control Unit,Tampa Florida by capturing image from smart phone cameras. With our approach we indigence to enable non-expert population to early identify the risk and act pro-actively. We pre-processed the image for removing noise and applied random af wood classification algorithm to distinguish different species. Achieved good precision,recall,F1 measure and aggregate 833% verity. We are also planning to develop a smart-phone application which pull up stakes leverage this learning amaze and help in empowering population to identify mosquito species without any knowledge in this field.INTRODUCTIONOf all animals, mosquitoes are amongst the most deadly in spreading diseases. Mosquito borne diseases like Malaria, Dengue, West Nile Fever, and most recently Zika F ever have extracted devastatic tolls on humanity 1. Combating the spread of mosquitoes is an important health-care agenda across the globe, and several organizations across the globe dish up this purpose. For instance, one such organization is the American Mosquito Control Association (AMCA) is spread over 50 countries and conducts numerous programs to educate citizens of the dangers posed by mosquitoes and how to subdue them. According to CDC report, there are about 3500 different species of mosquitoes in the world, out of which about 175 different species are found in the USA.Among programs designed to combat mosquitoes spread, naming of the type and modus operandi of species in any par-ticular area is very important. Across the world, numerous mosquito control organizations have dedicated personnel that lay traps to catch mosquitoes in specific areas, and dedicated personnel visually look at individually captured judge (via a mag-nifying glass) to identify the type of mosqu ito. It takes upto a minute to identify for each one sample, and with more samples, the time taken to identify each sample can take hours, and naturally significant manual effort.Contributions of this Paper In this paper, we aim to de-sign a system that combines images from smart-phone cameras with machine learning algorithms for automatic detection of the type of mosquito species from their images. Towards this extent, our specific contributions area). Building a data sensual of mosquito images We visited the Hillsborough County Mosquito and Aquatic Weed Control in Tampa in Fall 2016 to collect numerous samples of mosquitoes that were captured in traps institute up the county personnel. Subsequently, the personnel helped us visually identify the type of each sample. As a result, we collected 60 samples, that belonged to seven different species. circuit card I presents our database. Subsequently, each sample was imaged via a Sam-sung Galaxy S5 phone via multiple angles (at the sa id(prenominal) indoor light conditions) for a total of 200 images. This served as our database for subsequent classification.b). Designing Pre- treat Techniques Generally, images are vulnerable to the different type of noises due to different environment condition and user expertise. Therefore, images desire to be pre-processed for any noise removal and also for smoothening. In the process of noise removal, we need to make sure that edges and boundary of images are preserved otherwise images will lose the key instruction. We employ median filter as it works very effectively when edges need to be preserved. This filter is widely used in image processing technique 2.c). Designing hit-or-miss Forest Based Classifiers random Forest is an ensembled administer machine learning algorithm. It is a accumulation of close channelize diagrams, where each trees has been grown using sub batch of training dataset selected randomly. In most of the cases, it has shown significant improvement in accuracy as compare to other classification algorithm. unconnected from that, it works very well on outliers and noise. It handles larger dataset efficiently and quickly without over-fitting the copy as only a subset of training set is selected for each split.3 4We conducted an ample performance evaluation for our proposed techniques.We evaluated our experiment on 60 image samples of seven different species. 10-fold cross confirmation technique has been used and achieved 833% accuracy using RGB features.The rest of the paper is organized as follows. In section II, related works are discussed. Followed by section III where experimental set up and data collection process are described. Section IV contains the detail about preprocessing of image data, extracting and selecting features, building the learning model using classification method and different metrics lever-aged for showing the results. We talked about experimental evaluation and validation in detail in section V. Fi nally, dis-cussion and conclusion sections are VI and VII respectively.RELATED WORKThere are many studies which are dedicated to leverage the use of smart phone camera for image recognition. In this section we have emphasized few of the related and important works done.A. Related Work on find RecognitionIn 5 system was highly-developed for determining the effec-tiveness of soil treatment on plant stress using smart-phone cameras.In this paper, 34 images of plant leaves are captured using smart phone in ii soils that is biosolids and unamended tailings. Then each images was preprocessed using mean, me-dian filter followed by segmentation into pixels.They extracted RGB,R,G,B,HSV and YCbCr features from the segmented pixels. Random Forest which is a supervised classification algorithm was designed to detect the stress of leaves and achieved 91.24% accuracy.A 6 survey has been done on Pixel-Based skin color detection techniques. They have applied various color spaces like RGB, Normali zed RGB, HSV and YCrCb for recognizing skin. RGB is the most widely used color spaces for processing and storing digital images.Wen et.al 7 has proposed image- ground automated insect iden-tification and classification method. In this paper eight insect species have been selected for experiment. These insects were wintery to retreive a non damaging kill of the insect and then they were placed on a white balance panel under the reflectance light base of a Nikon stereoscopic zoom microscope SMZ gibibyte (Nikon, Tokyo) with Plan Apochromat 0.5 objective. Images of these were taken by a DS-Fi1 color digital camera which was placed on the microscope. Features which had been taken in these are color, texture, invariants, contour and geometric. In color features, HSV color space features were considered. T Many classification algorithm i.e. minimum least square linear classifier (MLSLC), normal densities based linear classifier (NDLC), K nearest neighbor classifier (KNNC), nearest mean cl assifier (NMC), and end tree (DT) were used for testing and training the model. Among these NDLC classification algorithm outperforms other classifier.1) analyze our Work w.r.t. Related Work Our work is focused on capturing mosquitoes images from smart phone camera and using the captured image for training and testing the learning model. In 7, authors have identified insect species but it needs lab set up with microscope and high resolution digital camera which is not available in house generally. We have extracted RGB features for classification which is most widely used color spaces 6.EXPERIMENTAL SETUP AND DATACOLLECTIONIn this section, we have discussed data collection process our experiment.A. Data CollectionWe collected dead mosquito species samples from Hillsbor-ough County Mosquito and Aquatic Weed Control Unit,TampaTable I Mosquito Species and Number of SamplesSpecie NameNumber of SamplesCx Nigrip10An Quadrim6Ma Titillans7Ps Columpi10An Crucians10Ps Ferox7Cq Perturbans10T able II tv camera SpecificationCamera SpecificationValueSensor Resolution16 MPFocus AdjustmentautomaticSpecial EffectHDRCamera Light Source sidereal daytimeFlorida. We carefully identified seven species, mentioned in Table I for our study.Since, dead mosquito physical properties like color, del-icateness etc changes as time passes. So, images of dead mosquitoes were taken in a single day to make sure envi-ronmental conditional are same while taking these images. A Samsung Galaxy S5 smartphone was used for capturing images in regular day light. Each sample image was taken based on the knowledge aware fusion described on the mosquito and aquatic control weed control unit web site. A total of 60 images were captured for our study, having following camera configuration, mentioned in Table II.OUR APPROACHWe have implemented two steps in our approach. First, pre processing of image has been done for noise removal and feature survival using filter like median,mean. Second, building a lea rning model using a classification algorithm based on random forest.Here our main aim is to build a learning model for identi-fying each mosquitoes species.The repugn here we faced is the image size. Images which were captured from smart phone is of 2988 X 5322 pixels. We reduced their size to 256 X 256 pixels to decrease its data dimensionality. To remove the noise from each sample we applied median filter technique.This has been elaborated in the next subsection.Since, our images were already in dark color.It is mandatory to keep background and foreground in line of credit for building the model reasonably well. So, we did not use any segmentation technique as it converts the background into black.Here,we are using Random Forest, a supervised learning algorithm and used 10-fold cross validation technique for learning and testing. The process flow of our algorithm is described in kind 2. For proceeding further, we need labeled image data for training the model. All images were t agged manually under the guidance of mosquito experts.Noise RemovalGenerally, digital images are susceptible to different type of noise. It can occur by several ways like capture, transmission etc. Accuracy of the result are affected badly by the same. There are many filters used to remove and reduce noise from image.Sharpening Filter It refers as a enhancing technique which highlights edges and line details in the image. In this procedure, trustworthy image is passed through high pass filter which extracts its high frequency components and then the scaled output of high pass filter is added to original image which results in sharpened image. 8Mean Filter This filtering technique refers to replacing each pixel value in an image with the mean of pixel value of its neighbors which falls in the sliding window of n*n size. This technique removes noise more effectively if large window size is considered.This is also called fair(a) filter. 8Median Filter It is a nonlinear filtering tech nique. The approach behind this filtering technique is to replace each pixel value in the window of n * n size pixel by the median of all pixel values in that particular window.It is very used in digital image processing and it preserves edges while removing noise. We have used this filtering technique with 3*3 pixels window size for removing the noise from our digital images. The output with median filter and without this is shown in Figure 1. 2Feature SelectionFeature extraction and selection is very critical part of any supervised learning algorithm. Extraction is about minify the data dimensionality as the size of data grows and its dimension increases and becomes very difficult to handle it manually . And then the need of automation comes into the picture.Feature Selection is a process of selecting those features which are most relevant for our problem and eliminating unnecessary, irrelevant and redundant features of data that do not contribute to the accuracy of learning mode l.In our proposed model, we are identifying different species of mosquitoes. Each species have contrastive color. As we can see in Figure 3, each mosquitoes have similar shapes but differ-ent body and go color.So,the correct color channels or the combination of channel is important to take into consideration for the features.Few of the color channels are RGB, HSV etc. RGB has Red, young and Blue channels. In RGB, each component supports a range of intensity levels from 0 to 255 (integer valued)9 .Here, we extracted RGB feature from the mosquito image data. Then for feature selection, we applied Information-Gain attribute selection algorithm which is a good measure for deciding the relevance of an attribute. This feature selection technique generally helps in achieving high accuracy and using this we got 1000 features which serve as an input vector x into Random Forest Classification Algorithm for species detection. We calculated its precision, recall and F1-measure which is mentio ned in Table IIITable III Combination of color channels accuracy comparisonCombinationPrecisionRecallF1-measureRGB0.8450.8330.834C. Classification MethodRandom Forest Algorithm Random Forests(RF) is an ensemble supervised machine learning algorithm. It consists of a set of finding trees h(x,i) i = 1, 2,, where x is a feature vector extracted from the smartphone image data and i consists of K integers which are independent identically distributed random vectors. Each decision tree predicts a class independently. A voting is performed on the results from each decision tree and finally the class which gets majority vote will be the final predicted class. The same has been explained in Figure 4 . Given a dataset set that contains N feature vectors, each consisting of M features, the RF algorithm builds the trained model using following stepsN samples are selected at random with replacement from the data set, for training the model of a particular tree.K features are randomly selected f rom the set of available features, where K M.Among the values for each of the K features drawn, choose the best split according to the Information gainIG(T a) of the attribute. Information gain is measure of decrease in entropy which is caused by splitting the samples on an attribute. T denote a set of training samplefor a single tree. ((x),y) = (x1, x2,.., xk,y) where (x) consist is a single sample and y is its class label. Theinformation gain for an attribute a is as followThe information gain for an attribute a is as followsIG (T a) = H (T ) v val(a)j(x T jTa= v)jH (x T jxa = v)Xxj j(1)10Here, xa vals(a) is the value of the ath attribute of example x. The randomization is present in two waysRandom selection of data for bootstrap samples as it is done in baggingRandom selection of input features for creating individual base decision trees.Each tree will grow to its maximum size until the stopping criterion has not been fulfilled and there will be no tree pruning. Once the forest h as been ensembled, testing data sample will be labeled mosquito species class based on a majority vote among all classes from all decision trees in the forest.Once theforest hasbeenensembled,testingdata sampleis labeled withone oftheclasses(species1 species2species7)bytakingthemajorityvote i.e., it is labeled with the class which has been selected by maximum scrap of trees. In the RF approach, given a feature sample x to be categorize, the conditional probabilities for each class are computed by taking the average of the conditional probabilities given by the trees constructing4Figure 1 a) Original Image b) Imageafter applying sharpening median filterFigure 2 put to work description of our experimenta). Cruciansb). Columpic). Feroxd). Nigripe). Peturbansf). Quadrimg). TitillansFigure 3 Mosquito Color Imagesthe ensemble. These conditional probabilities are computed as follows. Given a decision tree T, and an input feature sample x to be classified, let us denote by v(x) the leaf n ode where x falls when it is classified by T. The probability P (mjx T ) that the sample x belongs to the class m, where m 2 fspecies1 species2 species7g (for 7 species of interest to this paper), is estimated by the following equationP (mjx T ) =nm(2)nwhere nm is the number of training samples falling into v(x) after learning and n is the total number of training samples assigned to v(x) by the training procedure. Given a forest consisting of L trees and an unknown feature sample x to be classified, the probability estimate P (mjx) that x belongs to the species m is computed as follows1L(3)P (mjx) =P (mjx Ti)L=1XiP (mx T )bywhere thjiisthe conditional probabilityprovidedthe itreeandiscomputed according to Eq.(1). Asaconsequence,forthesample x to be classified,the RFalgorithm gives as output the vector= fP (species1jx) P (species2jx) P (species7jx)gThe class(species) with the highest probability in the set(4)ischosen as classified class for the ith tree. The final class of o ur RF algorithm is the one which gets the majority vote among all activities from all decision trees in the forest 11. The work flow of the RF algorithm with pre-processing, training and testing phase is formally shown in Algorithm 1.3 12D. MetricsThe results of Mosquito-Species detection are shown in terms of precision, recall, F1-measure and Confusion ground substance. Each metric is a function of the of the true positives (T P ), false positives (F P ) and false negatives (F N). The precision is the ratio of correctly classified classes to the total number of classes predicted as positiveP recision =T P(5)T P + F PRecall is the ratio of total number of classes predicted as positive to the total number of positive classesRecall =T P(6)T P + F N5Figure 4 Work flow of the Random Forest AlgorithmThe F1-measure is the weighted average of precision and recallP recisionRecallF1 = 2 P recision + Recall (7) The Confusion Matrix (CM) is a table that allows the visu-alization used to descr ibe the performance of a classification model. Each column of the matrix represents the instances in a predicted class while each row represents the instance in anactual class (or vice-versa) 13.Precision indicates the number of samples classified as a particular species actually belonged to that species. Recall gives us the number of species which are correctly classified. The F1-measure denotes the classification models accuracy.It is calculated as the harmonic mean of precision and recall. Confusion matrix makes the system easy to see how much predicted model is getting intricate between different species. For example if a species is predicted correctly only 80% of the time, then this matrix will show how the algorithm confused its prediction with the other (wrongly classified) species the remaining 20% of the time.RESULTSOverview of Evaluation Methods In this paper, we evaluated the performance of our system using 10-fold cross validation that are standard for our problem scope .Cross-validation is a model validation technique for assess-ing how the results of a classification model will generalize to an independent dataset10-fold cross-validation divides the dataset into 10 subsets, and evaluates them 10 times. Each time, one of the 10 subsets is used as the test set and the other 9 subsets are put together to form a training set. Then, the average error across all 10 trials is computed for final result. It limits problems like over-fitting in the classification model.Results and Interpretations We used RGB feature men-tioned earlier to train our classification model. To evaluate its accuracy we used 10-fold cross validation technique and calculated precision, recall and F1 measure of each species independently. The evaluation measures of RGB feature are shown in IV have also shown it graphically in Figure 5. Confusion Matrix of the same is shown in Figure 6.Algorithm 1 RF-based Algorithm for Mosquito-Species detectionTraining Image dataset = Id Testing I mage dataset= ItedRGB Features extracted from Training Image dataset =F tRGBRGB Features extracted from Testing Image dataset =F teRGBClassified Species from Images= M SProbability that feature F belongs to Species M S =P (M SjF )No. of trees in Random Forest = 121 abuse 1 Pre-ProcessingMedian filters are applied to remove accidental spikes from Id and Ited.Features F tRGB and F teRGB are extracted from processed data Id and Ited obtained from (1).Step 2 TrainingInput Training data set F tRGBOutput Random Forest model to classify different species of mosquitoes.Select a bootstrap sample of size N from the training data.Grow a decision tree T using following steps.Select K features at random from the set of M features.Choose the best feature/split-point among the K.Split the node into two daughter nodes.Grow the tree to its maximum size that is 6 and let the tree unprunedStep 3 PredictionInput Testing data set ItedOutput Final Mosquito Species prediction M Ss.Select the same attribut es used for training the model from testing feature set F teRGB.Predict the species from the model using features selected in the above step.6Table IV RGB Features accuracy of each species indepen-dentlySpeciesPrecisionRecallF1-measureAn Crucians0.8890.80.842An Quadrim0.5710.6670.615Cd Peturbans0.7270.80.762Cx Nigrip0.8890.80.842Ma Titillans

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Mans inhumanity to man is everywhere. I firmly believe that people on this earth should be treated and prise equally. People are all unique. They come from different backgrounds, have different beliefs and ideas, simply treating others in such an inhuman way, as the Jewish were in the concentration camps is cruel and should have never happened. I believe that the killing of several million people during the Holocaust could have been prevented by the means of much interest group from the other countries. When German gained great power, many of the countries did non pay attention. Germany started World War II and countries like England and France, knowing quite well the rise in Germanys power could cause mass destruction wouldnt do anything about it until it was too late. Countries should have bonded together and stop the horrible torture and killings. Why didnt the more compelling countries stop Germany sooner? Some countries just didnt want to get involved until later. Experi encing a slow economy and lack of funds, they didnt want to get into a costly war, but this lack of quick involvement resulted in tragedy. Preventing this genocide and anti-Semitism, I think would take a lot of work and effort for many of the countries but it would spare so many lives. The other countries should have recognized the threat Germany posed when Germany broke the Treaty of Versailles agreement. Quick action could have saved more than six million lives by stopping Hitler and the Nazi party. After the Holocaust, the people who survived the concentration camps should have received their properties back. Germany should have given the survivors some money so they wouldnt have to start from ground zero.Why did the people living in Germany allow this to happen? Hitler blamed the Jewish people for the cause of Germanys problems and the people believed him, electing a government who was trying to destroy an entire race. Germans who were against anti-Semitism should have gathered a political party to fight for the Jews. Some of their friends and neighbors were taken from their homes and forced into a concentration camp. If they had at least tried, they might not live their lives with regret thinking what if they had done something different, and then maybe just maybe the Jews might not have died.It was not just Hitler and the Nazis that treated man inhumanely. It is happening all around the world with cults such as the Ku Klux Klan who killed because of the dislike of another race.