A Journey through War

The 3rd of September has brought many changes to my life that will shape the course of my future for years to come. I have signed up to Join the United States Army and will soon be leaving to fght in the war against Great Britain. The war was officially declared on the 18th of June after President Madison was finally persuaded by the War Hawks to battle the British. Madison stated that â€Å"war with the British was inevitable† and then asked Congress to go to war a few months later.After the president's declaration, I thought about Joining the war effort and was reminded of ll the cruel and outrageous actions that the British had performed against the United States. For many years now, The British have been violating our neutral rights and blocking off the French coast from American trading ships. In addition, the British have also been supporting and giving arms to Indian tribes that raid American cities along the Northwest Territory and block expansion into the west.Lastly and most importantly, the British scum have been practicing the horrid act of impressment on American ships and have been kidnapping thousands of American ailors in the search for Navvy deserters. After reflecting over all of these things, I couldn't help but become overcome with rage and anger. At that very moment, I swore to fght for the army and vowed to claim revenge for Britain's actions. I also promised to avenge all of those who had been impressed by the British Navvy and killed in Indian raids. The British have offended and taken advantage of our nation for long enough.It is time to act and show the Brits that we will no longer tolerate their behavior. August 15, 1812 The war has gotten off to a bad start. A few days after I was accepted into the US army and placed under the command of General William Henry Harrison, Congress had ordered for an attack on the British colony of Canada. Thus, we set out from our fort in Detroit and began marching towards Canada. This was going to be my very first battle and I was very anxious to get my first taste of war. I was confident in my fellow soldiers and believed that victory would be unproblematic and straightforward.However, as we marched to our destination, we were met by the British and a group of Native American warriors who were led by Tecumseh. Our general feared the Indian's vicious war tactics and knew that we would certainly face heavy losses if we engaged the British force. That day we were forced to shamefully surrender Fort Detroit and retreat. After our humiliating defeat, morale among my fellow soldiers was drastically low and we soon began developing doubts about victory. A few weeks later, we yet again attempted to invade Canada, but were once again defeated.After our two defeats, morale was at an all-time low and the only thing that even vaguely cheered us up, was the mention of the USS Constitution. The hip had managed to defeat the British vessel, Guerriere and was nicknamed â€Å"Old Ironsid es† when a shot bounced off its hull during battle. It was one the few victories that was heard about in a sea of losses. P. S. I shall not see war for a very long time control over Lake Erie. October 16, 1813 Today is a glorious day and my fellow soldiers and I are relishing a satisfying victory against the British and their Native American allies.It all started on September 10th, 1813, when Oliver Hazard Perry assembled a fleet of military ships and engaged the British naw in Lake Erie. After a long and bloody battle, the American fleet prevailed and Oliver Perry, watching the battle from Put-in-Bay, Ohio sent General Harrison the message, â€Å"We have met the enemy and they are ours. † With Lake Erie under American control, the British frantically evacuated Fort Detroit and hastily headed back for safety in Canada, but in the end, we were able to intercept their troops and force them to wage war.On October 5th, 1813, we fought the British and their Native American a llies in the Battle of Thames. At the end of the bloody battle, we had defeated the enemy force and had managed to kill Tecumseh, he Native American leader who had aided the British in the war. Our luck did not end here, however. A few days after our victory in the Battle of Thames, we attacked the Canadian town of York and set fire to the parliament buildings. After these victories, morale among my fellow soldiers was higher than ever before and we soon grew confident in victory over the British.August 25, 1814 Yesterday was a sad, sad day in American history that I will never forget for as long as I live. Just a couple of months ago, my fellow soldiers and I had enjoyed a heightened sense of confidence in our chance of victory. We believed that as long as the British were still at war with the French, they would not be able to send the majority of their troops to America and would thus, not be able to pose a large threat. However, several months later, we got news that Britain had managed to defeat the French and their brilliant military leader, Napoleon Bonaparte.With the French out of the way, the British were able to concentrate their military efforts on the war with America and were ready launch an attack. On August 24, 1814, British ships sailed into Chesapeake Bay and unloaded 5,000 troops (led by Major General Robert Ross) hat were headed directly for the nation's heart, Washington, DC. As the British marched towards the capitol, President Madison hastily ordered for the concentration of all nearby troops and the safekeeping of American documents such as the Constitution, the Declaration of Independence, and George Washington's Correspondence.In the Battle of Bladensburg, the recently assembled American defenders tried to hold off the large British attack force, but they were quickly overpowered by the well-trained enemy soldiers. As the British continued to advance towards the capitol, Dolley Madison, the first lady (which I am quite fond of) mazingl y risked her life in order to selflessly save President Washington's painting. She was among the last to evacuate the White House. Moments after Dolleys daring act, the British scoundrels barbarically raided and burned important government buildings such as the Capitol and Library of Congress.The British scum also burned down President Madison's home, the White House, a structure that has long been a symbol of freedom and independence for the American people. There seemed to be nothing we could do to protect the city, but fortunately, as if by the will of god, a iolent hurricane and tornado extinguished the fires and drove the British soldiers back to Benedict. After hearing this shocking story, my dislike for the British turned British again and will try to defend the city of Baltimore which is believed to be the next target for the British troops.September 21, 1814 The month of September has brought two glorious victories to the American people and has provided us with revenge for the burning of Washington. The first victory took place in the city of Baltimore. In the city of Baltimore, American troops were strengthening Fort McHenry for the upcoming British siege while my squad and I were helping fortify the city for the impending land based attack. While doing my work, I recall seeing a large and magnificent American flag hanging over the fort.I later learned that the majestic â€Å"Star Spangled Banner Flag† had been sewed by Mary Young Pickersgill on General George Armistead's orders. The British were advancing towards the city quickly and we needed more time to reinforce our defenses. Thus, it was decided that a group of soldiers led by General John Stricker would be sent out to buy time for the Americans. On September 12, 1814, John Stricker's and Robert Ross's forces fought each other in the Battle of North Point. Although they lost the battle, they had bought us time and had even managed to kill Major General Robert Ross.When the British land force arrived, we were ready for them and were able to hold them back easily. Meanwhile, in Fort McHenry, American soldiers were desperately trying to hold off the British naw and keep the fort alive. If this fort fell to the British, the city might have been destroyed and the war might have fallen into their hands. The American defenders however held firm and after 25 hours of bombardment from the British avy, the Brits finally gave up their assault and retreated. After the long, tiresome fght, we celebrated our amazing victory and shouted into the air.During this period of celebration, Francis Scott Key who had seen the whole battle from his ship and was deeply moved by it wrote the poem â€Å"Defense of Fort McHenry'. The poem was set to the tune of a popular British drinking song and was distributed throughout Baltimore on hand bills. While we celebrated our victory in Baltimore, General Sir George Prevost and his 10,000 British troops departed from Canada and attacked New York in the hopes of apturing the seaside city of Plattsburgh. The attack was easily thwarted when a group of American warships on Lake Champlain defeated the British flotilla.The British realized that control over the lake gave the Americans an advantage over their force and they were required to retreat back to Canada. January 15, 1815 The year of 181 5 has brought the American people another outstanding military victory and the end of a long and tiring war. After being defeated in the Battle of Lake Chaplain, the British realized that war with the USA was detrimental and was simply not worth the effort. On December 24, 1814, Britain and America signed a peace treaty in Ghent, Belgium which officially ended the war between the two nations.However, news of the treaty traveled too slowly and troops were not informed of the war's end quickly enough. Thus, on January 8, 181 5, the British and Americans engaged in one last gruesome battle at New Orleans. In the battle, Andrew Jackson's 4,0 00 American ragtag defenders were heavily outnumbered by the 10,000 British troops. However, the British forgot to bring scaling ladders and by simply staying behind earthen defenses and shooting from behind bales of cotton, Jackson Orleans was saved and Jackson became a national hero.After the ending of the war and the victory at New Orleans, people throughout the nation were feeling proud and honored to be an American. In addition, many Americans started to feel an improved sense of patriotism and nationalism. I myself felt proud to be a part of such a great nation. In a matter of a few years, our young country had grown strong enough to defeat the British army and had even gained the respect of other, much older nations. I believe that this war will define the American people for many years to come.

How the study of stylistics can help improve one’s English Language Essay

Write an essay that discusses how the study of stylistics/language in literature can help improve one’s English language. (1500-2000 words) To answer the question of how stylistics improves one’s English language is to understand the question itself. The word ‘improves’ in the question entails that the person or student already has at least a basic knowledge and understanding of the English Language and he/she wants to make that knowledge better. There are many disciplines that learners of the English language can venture into to help them improve their literacy competence. One of those aforementioned disciplines is in fact: The study of language in literature or Stylistics. Hence, this is where stylistics as a branch of study from the main trunk of the English Language and Literature tree plays an alternative role in enhancing one’s English Language capabilities. This paper will attempt to explain the logics of how stylistics can help in improving students’ English with an analogy. Studying stylistics is just like the process of language learning and the subsequent discipline that comes with it. Language learning is particularly challenging for most people especially to those who are trying to acquire it at a later age. Just like any other language, the English Language requires the learner to read English books extensively, try their level best to understand the language with the help of teachers and dictionaries, and practice speaking the language as much as he/she can. In regards to this essay, there are several ways how the study of stylistics can help improve students’ English language. Firstly, stylistics enriches students’ ways of thinking about language. Secondly, it improves their skills of English and finally, stylistics propels students’ to act as a linguist and literary critic at the same time which in turn make them competent users of the language. Before diving into the content, one needs to comprehend the definition of stylistics first. Stylistics is understood as that part of linguistics, as Turner describes in Stylistics (1975), which concentrates on variation in the most conscious and complex uses of language in literature. According to A.J. Jassim, it is possible to say that stylistics means the study of literary discourse from a linguistic orientation which offers an area of contact between literary criticism and linguistics. Therefore one can define operationally that, the word â€Å"stylistics† is basically made up of the  components of â€Å"style† and â€Å"–istics† and that â€Å"style† refers to literary criticism and â€Å"–istics† refers the general make-up for the linguistic component of the study (2006). Now, moving onto the discussions, firstly, stylistics enriches students’ ways of thinking about language. It is universally acknowledged that language s erves many functions and one of it is to communicate meaningful expressions. In written text, language is seen, as Eifring and Theil asserts, a communicative system based upon words and the combination of words into sentences and this is known as linguistic communication (2005). One way how stylistics specifically plays a role in enriching students’ ways of thinking about language is for example, when poets write poetry, they are not writing it without their active consciousness of language. Sometimes, they deliberately incorporate deviations and parallelism in their works to serve a specific function. Through this ‘unconventional’ use of language, they are attempting to convey a deeper meaning within the text and most â€Å"Stylisticians† argue that only through stylistics, these literary devices can be observed, analysed and understood. Where some advocate extensive or authentic reading almost for its own sake, Hall explains (2007), as a result of which the language will be absorbed, the advocate of stylistics as a means to develo p language proficiency is committed to the value of conscious attention to details of linguistic features ‘foregrounded’ in a text, whether through ‘deviance’ of some kind, or simply as the consequence of repetitions, parallelism or other such salient patternings seen to contribute significantly to meaning. Students in turn become more sensitive in utilizing English especially when attempting to read and comprehend literature better. Secondly, stylistics improves students’ skills of the English Language. This is because in order to apply stylistic analysis or criticism on a literary text, students need to first master the language from the onset. This entails that students need to, as mentioned earlier, read extensively which in turn heightens their vocabulary and mental lexicon. They also need to understand the language very well; especially in regards to grammar and tenses. For all the arguments that are presented, it is rightfully so that students need to be competent users of the English Language so that they can apply their knowledge of grammar and lexicon in interpreting literary texts. This is because according to Katie Wales in A Dictionary of Stylistics (1990), the  goal of most stylistics is not simply to describe the formal features of texts for their own sake, but in order to show their functional significance for the interpretation of the text; or in order to relate literary effects to linguistic ’causes’ where these are felt to be relevant. This means the knowledge of grammar and tenses are very important elements for the student to get a strong grasp on because in some poetry, poets intentionally use deviations to foreground important features in their works. Researchers such as Van Peer (1986) have found that readers [or students] do indeed pick up on the smallest details of a text and use them to construct meaningful interpretations. A good example can be seen in the stylistic analysis of ‘(listen)’ taken from E. E. Cummings’ 1964 collection 73 Poems, of which it is number 63. The poem ‘(listen)’ is typical of Cummings’ style and contains striking irregularities of form in comparison to ‘traditional’ poetry. There is a high probability to those reading this poem, whom are not partial towards stylistics, will consider it as a complete mess and an overall ‘bad’ piece of poetry because of the strange use of punctuation and the seemingly odd structure of particular phrases. An excerpt of the poem is displayed below: (listen) this a dog barks and how crazily houses eyes people smiles faces streets steeples are eagerly tumbl ing through wonder ful sunlight – look – selves,stir:writhe o-p-e-n-i-n-g(line 1-12) One of the reasons for Cummings’ use of deviation is not simply for shock value, as Shaikh debates, and the linguistic choices he makes are by no means arbitrary (2012). In the past, some critics have even disregarded his  eccentric use of language, claiming that it is of no interpretative significance. What these critics overlooked and not aware of is that one will be able to explore and experience the beauty and depth of the poem hidden within the ‘mess’ once they apply stylistic criticism unto it. ‘(listen)’ is not a, for the most part, difficult poem to analyse in terms of the complexity of the subject matter. It is the process of making sense of the grammatical ‘mess’ in the text that is the sole source of ‘headache’. What is most challenging is to relate the various atypical stylistic features that Cummings’ has chosen to use to one’s overall interpretation of the text. Finally, stylistics propels studen ts to act as both linguists and literary critics at the same time. In fact, the purpose of stylistics is to be the bridge of linking the two disciplines: linguistics and literary criticism. Nevertheless, it is rather unfortunate as McIntyre (2012) states that since the emergence in the 1960s of English Language as a university subject in its own right, the relationship between the study of literature and the study of language has often been one of bitter rivalry (p. 1). Experts in the literary field criticize against the ‘cold’, ‘scientific’ approach that is adopted by linguistic scholars in their analysis of literary texts. At the same time, similar critical judgements are imposed by linguistic scholars towards literary experts because they are too subjective and vague in the analyses they produce. Despite the feud between the clashes of these two spheres of language studies, there lies exquisiteness when one can merge the two fields and use their respective theories and means of analyses to understand a literary text well . Since stylistics is neither pure linguistics nor sheer literary criticism, a stylistician is, thus, intended to act possibly as a linguist and as a literary critic as well. To link both, the job of the linguist and that of the literary critic, stylistics emerges as a connective means to demonstrate how the linguistic elements act significantly in a text to produce a communicable message. The function of stylistics is to help the reader stimulate, the significance of a literary text by analysing the interrelations between its linguistic items. This approach is essentially selective. It aims to identify the stylistically significant, or stylistically distinctive, features in a literary text and to study their function in the text as a whole. Stylistics occupies the middle ground between linguistics and literary criticism and  its function is to mediate between the two. In this role, its concerns necessarily overlap with those of the two disciplines. It is for this reason that stylistic analysis shades indiscernibly into literary appreciation. Therefore, literary analysis seeks the assistance of stylistic analysis which is of a complementary nature to it. Stylistic analysis usually seeks to identify what stimulates and guides the reader or listener in the literary work. But there is no specific and restricted technique to follow (Fairly, 1979). Despite it all, this act of propelling one to act as both linguist and literary critic stretches his or her potential to the maximum towards being a very competent user of English language hence whether they like it or not, it will improve their English. One needs practice a great deal so that they get the stylistic analysis On the grounds of how learning language is similar to how learning stylistics help can improve one’s Englis, as reiterated throughout this paper, both disciplines require the students to read extensively, understand and practice the skill in order to improve their language competency. In conclusion, with all the arguments which is presented in the above discussions, stylistics does help in improving one’s or students’ English language. Firstly, stylistics enriches students’ ways of thinking about language. Secondly, it improves their basic skills of the language and finally, stylistics propels students’ to act as a linguist and literary critic at the same time which in turn make them competent users of the English language. Students especially can use stylistics to sustain and defend an interpretation of a poem, or any literary texts for instance, and they can also use stylistics to highlight elements of a poem that we might otherwise fail to notice . References Abdul Jalil Jassim Hejal (2006) Stylistics : A contact between Linguistics and Literary Criticism. J. of Col. of Basic Education. Pdf. Web. Retrieved from: http://www.iasj.net/iasj?func=fulltext&aId=69572 Eifring, Halvor & Theil, Rolf (2005). Linguistics for Students of Asian and African Languages. Pdf. Web. Retrieved from : http://www.uio.no/ Fairly, Irene R. (1979). â€Å"Experimental Approaches to Language in Literature: Reader Responses to Poems† in Style. Vol. 13 , no . 4 . Hall, Geoff. (2007) Stylistics in Second Language Contexts: A Critical Perspective. Palgrave Macmillan, New York Wales, Katie. A Dictionary of Stylistics. London: Longman, 1990. McIntyre, D. (2012). Linguistics and literature: stylistics as a tool for the literary critic (Vol. 1, pp. 1-11). SRC Working Papers. Naushad Umarsharif Shaikh. (2011) Role of Stylistics in Learning English as a Second Language. Pdf. Web. Retrieved from: http://www.languageinindia.com/aug2011/naushadstylisticslanguagelearning.pdf Turner , G.W. (1975). Stylistics. Benguin Books. London.

Multimedia Networking - VoIP (Communications and Networks) Essay

Multimedia Networking - VoIP (Communications and Networks) - Essay Example Moreover, it enables the companies to perform complimentary telephone calls that make IP-PBX extremely well-known these days. Thus, distant or international phone-calls are becoming a great deal less expensive at this time thus companies are saving a large fraction of expenditures that they had to spend on worldwide and long distance phone calls. Furthermore, IP-PBX presents less costly telecommunication facility that enable businesses to stay in touch with the people in the different areas on the earth. In this scenario, with the adoption of IP-PBX hundreds of businesses have controlled to reduce their operating cost as well as become more beneficial. However, the main need of IP PBX is the accessibility of broadband internet link. In addition, IP-PBX is extremely proficient with respect to its cost and technology. Furthermore, at present Telecom corporations present many IP-PBX technological facilities so that clients could be able to regulate IP-PBX according to their requirements (CallingTools., 2011; TechTarget, 2005). This paper presents a detailed analysis of the IP-PBX technology. This paper also outlines the facts due to which the use of this technology is growing rapidly. This paper will assess main advantages and architectural confines of IP-PBX technology and present its main SIP (Session Initiation Protocol) technology that is a significant promise to provide tighter incorporation between business processes, desktop applications, plus collaboration tools. IP-PBX and Its Principal Characteristics A Private Branch Exchange (PBE) is a user’s site telephone framework that has the capability to handle telephone calls coming to the corporation as well as works as a door for the outside voice communication networks. In this scenario, a network router or switch transmits coming data packets to the suitable data communication network. Conventionally, two different communication networks are required in order to perform this procedure: one network is required for voice and other network is required for data transmission. Moreover, in place of 2 different networks, simply one communication network is preferred when voice data is divided into packets (VoIP) and transmitted on communication network. Furthermore, an IP-PBX is a merger of a router/ switch and a PBX that manages Voice over IP (Silicon Press, 2010). As shown in below given image: Figure 1IP-PBX Working, Source: http://www.silicon-press.com/briefs/brief.ippbx/brief.pdf In an IP-PBX, systems could be connected in a shared LAN (local area network) that is usually connected to the IP-PBX. In this scenario, telephones have to be straightly linked to the IP-PBX. So this configuration eludes QoS (Quality of Service) concerns that could take place if both telephones and computers are configured on a joint LAN. In the same way, communication voice packets will need to struggle with data packets intended for the network based joint LAN. Thus, less effective telephone voice featu re will take place if network voice packets are not broadcasted in a suitable way (Silicon Press, 2010). An IP-PBX works like a gateway that offers voice links (for example voice lines, T1s) to a LEC, a large scope business, etc. as well as data links (DSL, cable, E1, ISDN) to a LEC, a cable operator, an Internet Service Provider, etc. In addition, IP-PBXs

Cause-Effect Essay(Analyze the impact of the internet on political Essay

Cause-Effect (Analyze the impact of the internet on political campaigns and elections) - Essay Example The internet has become one of the most popular sources for campaigning during elections and the most popular communication channel. Most of the political parties take the help of the mainstream social networking websites like Face book, twitter as well as MySpace to connect to the people and convert them. Electoral candidates gather their supporters from the internet. The candidates often share information and ask for feedback through emails (Kluver, 97). This enables them to come in touch with their supporters instantaneously. In the past elections instances have been there where president Obama has communicated to his supporters through personalised emails. Research has proved that internet had been the level playing field and a major platform for the competition between Barack Obama and Mitt Romney before the last Presidential Elections and both of the candidates had spent more than a billion dollar on this. Digital Advertising had been a growing area where even the political par ties are investing into. The parties also mimicked the popular social networking sites like Facebook, Amazon, Twitter and YouTube and have been successful in getting leads for any kind of fundraising programme or acquiring the votes of the supporters and converting the non supporters. These networking sites enable the parties to target each community and spread messages to specific demographic segments and thereby addressing specific needs. The funds that the parties require for successfully carrying out of the operations can be collected from the followers of these networking sites and also enables people to feel connected to the person whom they want to vote as would be President. But such funds are only donated by a certain section of the society who is wealthy and educated (Chadwick and Howard, 145). Thus people have more involvement in the election process. Survey revealed that 80% of the information flow related to the elections took place in the internet. Like the other daily chores that the common people undertake on the internet like banking and shopping, the information exchange is also taking place on the internet. Campaign on the internet also turns out to be a cost effective one because the costs of advertising on the television and buying air time is costly (Bimber and Davis, 8). The main motive for the political party is to stand out from its rivals. However, how much of this campaign is actually being converted into positive votes is questionable. The information that is circulated through the net is short lived and the supporters cannot retain such information for a longer period of time. However, the people have been constantly been addressed by the candidate through this path. Much of the section of the population is not computer literate. They do not know the use of computers. For them this kind of force of publicity is not acceptable as it does not reach them. The parties have to devise different strategies in that case. The social media c hannel reaches mostly the young people but studies prove that young people do not actually cast their votes on the day of the elections. However, it has made politics more transparent in front of the common man. Due to the use of the internet the political parties and the candidates can save a lot of time because they can reach out to a greater number of audiences in a shorter span of time. A lot of talented people who are good at strategising are getting engaged in the process and

Digital signatures Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 5500 words

Digital signatures - Essay Example Moreover, the cases of e-commerce crimes are rising day by day. In this scenario, it becomes necessary for the organizations to take some effective steps to uphold the security of their e-commerce activities. Thus, digital signature is a suitable technique for saving customers from identity theft and various others frauds. This report presents a detailed analysis of digital signature. The aim of this research is to analyze the role of digital signature in forming e-commerce security. Business sector is by no means an exemption to internet mania. Since, with the passage of time, the online business is turning out to be an exhortation. The online business means that people can purchase and pay from home and even while sitting in their bedroom through an internet equipped PC or laptop. The global wave of information technologies (ITs) development and implementation has turned out to be a driving force in approximately every part of human job. In this scenario, the internet that is a main element of this global wave has been transformed into a double-edged weapon providing a lot of opportunities, facilities, tools, and capabilities to individuals and corporations, on the other hand as well bringing with it a considerably increased information security and privacy risks (Salifu, 2008). As the electronic methods of business expands rapidly throughout the world, security and integrity concerns turn out to be sensitive. Moreover, at the present, the customer satisfactio n and trust in internet transactions and the security measures implemented by online businesses are considered to be insignificant and perhaps the main limit in the acceptance of internet business practices (Dandapani, 2008). Electronic commerce or e-commerce refers to conducting both internal and external business activities over the internet, intranets, and extranets. In addition, e-commerce consists

Knowledge and Its Affect on the Society and Its Spontaneous Essay

Knowledge and Its Affect on the Society and Its Spontaneous - Essay Example To answer this Althusser (1978) coined the term â€Å"Ideological State Apparatuses† and â€Å"Repressive State Apparatuses†, gives that necessary epistemological break, more analytically than Gramsci (1971), in his theory of social â€Å"hegemony†. In contrast to Bourdieu's concept of habitus, the Ideological State Apparatuses consist of social institutions like school, university etc that help spread a particular discourse of thought-process and archetypal pattern of understanding in a particular way (like Christian concept of good and evil). The Repressive State Apparatus are agents of repression, like the Police, that teach by force and thus maintain the necessary consensus. While the institutions teach through the medium of language that is itself coloured with discursive power to subjugate a subject in the given hegemony almost without any conflict or force. Lacan (1968) explains this linguistic paradox in his theory of language where he says that the stage when s subject enters the realm of the â€Å"symbolic† sphere, the self/consciousness becomes a complex site where one loses the capability to express beyond that given medium of language, which is finite and a complex site of power play. Language is not neutral, but an agent of defining this ideological and hegemonic base. Quite pessimistically, the answer has been given as no. Since the state is a billion-eyed monster keeping a watch on its subject (imagine Orwell’s 1984), the state apparatuses reach out adventitiously even to the furthest grass-root level and teach by force or by apparently ‘neutral’ force to form subjects who cannot escape this ‘interpellation’ (Althusser).

The Smith's Snackfood Company in Australia Essay - 1

The Smith's Snackfood Company in Australia - Essay Example The company also boasts as having a very strong distribution network in the country since it is able to distribute its snack products to over 60,000 outlets spread all over the country every ten days. The company’s main products include Smith Crisps, Ruffles, and Lays while its snack brands include Lays, Doritos, Twitties, Cheetos, Parker’s, Burger Rings, and Red Rock Deli. Salty snack food industry is said to contribute greatly to the Australian economy. Salty snack food industry in Australia is worth $26 million according to a report. The industry grew by about 12% in the year 2011, and the growth is expected to continue due to the increased demand for salty snacks in the country. As earlier stated, Smiths Snackfood Company is the leading supplier of salty snacks in Australia with its snack brands reported to have grown by 25% in 2011. However, the company’s market is divided into three segments namely potato (68%), Corn (14%) and Extruded/ Cereal (18%). The co mpany’s dominance is the industry emanates from its strong presence in every product segments, where its main brands such as Doritos, Smith Crisps, and Twisties have remained leaders (Friend, 2012). The snack food industry in Australia is marred by stiff competition among leading plays, which competes for the sensitive segments in the country. For instance, Smiths Snackfood Company faces stiff competition from other key players such as Arnotts Snack Foods, and Proctor and Gamble, Smiths Snackfood Company. As a result, Smiths Snackfood Company has always engaged in a strong advertising campaign aimed at attracting certain market segment in the country so as to maintain its dominance and improve its performance. In fact, the company was ranked 21st overall in Australia in terms of the advertising campaign according to 2001survey.

Human Resource Management in the Uk Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Human Resource Management in the Uk - Essay Example The HR department must know how to measure performance in a global setting. The HR staff must pursue talent management initiatives for executives. The HR staff must revamp organizational capabilities and competencies to enhance the performance of company employees. The HR department must help the employees identify with and actively push for corporate global brands. In addition, international joint ventures, transfer of knowledge and foreign direct investment also pose several challenges to HR staff. The recurrent challenges refer to subsidiary to Company Headquarters relations and the management of expatriate employees. (Sparrow et.al., 2004). The effective deployment of human resources is a strategy which helps firms attain competitive advantage. The HR departments of UK companies respond to the needs of the firms as these participate in global competition. (Sparrow, et. al., 2004). Most UK companies start operations in the domestic marketplace. This set-up demands that all of the firm's facilities, employees, and customers within the boundaries of one country. In this context, employees may differ to a certain degree in terms of their regional or ethnic origins but the pool of employees is homogeneous. International firms consider their international markets as part of their domestic operations. This strategy requires that firms enter international markets by building production facilities in foreign countries. Multinational firms build facilities in different countries to make use of costs and production efficiencies. The HR problems tackled by multinational companies are similar to those faced by international companies. The HR department needs to consider the cultural, financial, legal, and economic linkages of several countries. (Sparrow, et. al., 2004). Transnational firms utilize modern, high quality products and services at minimum costs. These firms combine the strength of global efficiencies with local responsiveness. Transnational companies specialize in economies of scale and emphasize flexibility and mass customization of products. In this set-up, HR systems should encourage flexible production create synergies through the cultural differences. Multinational firms locate facilities in a particular country to tap that country's market. The transnational firms take into account the cultures, political, legal and economic framework to choose locations around the globe. These firms have multiple headquarters spread across the globe, which redounds to less hierarchy, hence, emphasizing decision-making. These HR systems attract, train and retain executives who are not only competent in cross-border transactions but are also competent in decision-making in flattened organizations. In a transnational firm, the HRM issue is to identi fy strategic advantages of a given set of labor resources. (Sparrow, et. al., 2004).In a study by Deirdre McCaughey and Nealia S. Bruning (2005) global corporations such as McDonalds and Hewlett Packard derive more than 60% percent of their revenues from international operations. The HR departments of these companies hire employees for foreign assignments as a strategic human resource strategy (Brewster, 1997). The assignment failure of expatriate employees is due to the failure of the HR Department to provide training to engage with people from varying cultures. Other

Natural resources in Thailand (RICE) Assignment

Natural resources in Thailand (RICE) - Assignment Example This has forced the government though its agencies to introduce policies like Bangkok Declaration on Mitigation of climate change to deal with pollution within the city of Bangkok. The private and public companies are encouraged to adopt green methods of transportation and production. As the result of the research I have done, the paper provides a reflection part that highlights the skills I have gained. Another section that the paper has included is the recommendations that I would provide for a company that I work as a leader. These touches on corporate social responsibility, employee training, improved wages and improved health care for farmers. Within the conclusion part, the paper indicates some of the most important issues that have been covered. With the increased global population, most countries have resulted to diversification of food products in order to have ability to feed their population thus enhancing their productivity. One of the food products that are common in developing as well as developed countries is rice. In Thailand, rice production represents a significant size of the country’s economy and labor force. Thailand has more than 9.2 million hectares of rice growing areas and the government is contemplating on increasing the hectares. One of the major reason as to why more farmers are now engaging on rice production is the support by the government after elimination of rice premium policy that discriminated the peasant farmers (Evenson, Robert, Mahabub, 1996). The government has adopted strong incentives for rice production an aspect that has made other stakeholders such as World Bank to provide similar support. In Thailand society, rice is central. Apart from being the source of nutrition for most of the households, it is the major export that has resulted to economic growth and increased job opportunities. Thailand is among the top five nations in rice cultivation and the second largest rice exporter in the world.

CULTURAL STUDIES & DIVERSITY Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

CULTURAL STUDIES & DIVERSITY - Assignment Example On the other hand, increase in the birthrate also impacts the organizations in the United States. Increase in birth rates will lead to an increase in population growth. Rapid population growth is accompanied by a proportionate increase in the supply of the labor force. This implies that the rate of job creation should match the rate of labor supply in United States. However, the rate of labor supply has outstripped that of job creation. This shows that the quantity of individuals looking for employment opportunities increases more rapidly than the number of jobs being created. This kind of problem possesses menace to the organization and the employees since there arises conflicts. Change in marital and family arrangements also is a demographic change in the organizations. Change in marital status of people will be reflected by an organization by changing is target market for products. Organizations that keep with the trend in changes in marital status are at a competitive advantage b ecause they can segment their market accordingly. The more data about the change in conjugal status that business leaders have, the more important the information will be on account of it can yield extra experiences on the patterns in change in conjugal status. Diversification in the organization is always viewed as a risk but of late, organizations are getting diversified because of the advantage, it gives them. Diversification of organizations is that aspect of taking risk by investing in many businesses. One of the advantages that this strengthen an organization is in terms of leadership competence. Organization leaders who conduct many businesses for the organization learn new skills of leadership and management hence strengthening the organization. Elsewhere, diversification puts an organization at a competitive advantage. This is because diversification leads to the organization benefiting from its vast operations, unlike its competitors. Another advantage that an

The media’s recent focus Essay Example for Free

The media’s recent focus Essay Every year, the number of obese Americans is increasing dramatically, and it’s spreading all over the nation like an epidemic. But this is old news – this issue has been talked about decades ago, as it spread rapidly across all the states during the 1990s. Despite all the efforts by the government to solve this epidemic, people continue to grow fatter and fatter. What could be the key to solving this problem? Lately, the issue has been given special attention by the media. They’re not only calling for individual initiative to solve obesity, but also for changes in the physical education programs of our country in order to cope with this matter. But can media attention really affect change on this one? Annual national reports on obesity showed that instead of decreasing, adult obesity rates in the country rose in 31 states as of last year. Obesity policies are really failing in the United States right now, despite all the efforts by the government to stop the problem (Gutin, Riggs, Ferguson, Owens, 1999). According to the reports, there has been a major breakthrough in terms of drawing the attention of the people to the obesity epidemic. All eyes and ears were on the issue, yet the mouths continued to feed. What the country need is a breakthrough in terms of policies and results, as the poor nutrition practices and physical inactivity of most Americans are making the case much worse, affecting the people’s health and productivity (Labbe Welsh, 1993). Because of this, the approach shifts from the individual American, towards various groups and institutions like families, communities, schools, employers, food and drinks companies, health professionals, and government at local and national levels. There were some recommendations given in order to solve the problem of Obesity. One is the involvement of the federal government, by developing and implementing a national strategy that would clearly define the roles and responsibilities of the state and of the localities in dealing with these concerns (Hart, 2005). Another is the promotion of a healthy lifestyle by giving Americans the necessary tools for them to achieve the recommended levels of physical activity, like in schools and offices. Additional researches on how to promote these healthy choices are also being encouraged. There are various strategies that could encourage people to make healthier decisions, but more research is needed for it to be effectively promoted (Crawford, 2005). In the heat of the obesity epidemic issue, Physical Education programs is one of the ways that authorities see as a means to solve the problem. The current Physical Education programs in various institutions may be assumed ineffective in curbing the obesity problem. It is expected that these programs would be changed in such a way that it could deal with the problem of obesity. It will be intensified to accommodate the need of the Americans to shed off fats. With a lifestyle such as ours, it is impossible not to grow fat, so the best way to counter this is enough amount physical activities. This is hard to impose on every individual, that’s why the government should effectively plan on how to get every American moving. With the media’s attention focused on the obesity epidemic, we are able to see the real situation that we have in hand. The media served as a mirror to reflect our fat, bulging bodies, and hopefully, it would make us realize that we have to act quickly, or else. The success of any government effort to curb obesity doesn’t lie much on the policy or the policy makers, instead, it is up to the people to decide whether it’s effective or not. References: Crawford, S. A. (2005). Has the decline of intramural sports contributed to the youth obesity epidemic?The Journal of Physical Education, Recreation Dance, Vol. 76(Issue 1), 3p. Gutin, B. , Riggs, S. , Ferguson, M. , Owens, S. (1999). Description and process evaluation of a physical training program for obese children. Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport, 5p. Hart, M. A. (2005). Influence of a physical education methods course on elementary education majors knowledge of fundamental movement skills. Physical Educator, 7p. Labbe, A. E. , Welsh, C. (1993). Children and running: changes in physical fitness, self-efficacy, and health locus of control. Journal of Sport Behavior, Vol. 16(Issue 2), 13p.

Greek Mythology and Athena Essay Example for Free

Greek Mythology and Athena Essay On the top of Mt. Olympus lived one of the greatest g o d d e s s e s , A t h e n a . A t h e n a w a s k n o w n a s a g o d d e s s o f w a r, w i s d o m a n d a r t s . S h e i s p o r t r a y e d a s s t r o n g , f a i r a n d m e r c i f u l . S h e h e l p e d m a n y w a r r i o r s o n t h e i r j o u r n e y s . S h e w a s g r e a t l y a d m i r e d b y h u m a n s f o r h e r c o n t r i b u t i o n s t o m a n . A t h e n a w a s a l s o v e r y i n t e l l i g e n t a n d t h o u g h t f u l ; s h e r a r e l y l o s t h e r t e m p e r  a n d p u s h e d f o r a s o l u t i o n t h a t w a s b e n e f i c i a l . A s y o u r e a d o n y o u w i l l f i n d t h a t A t h e n a w a s a g r e a t a s s e t t o t h e O l y m p i a n s a n d h a d f a r m o r e p o s i t i v e a t t r i b u t e s t h a n o t h e r g o d d e s s e s . The birth of Athena was more than an unusual one. Her m o t h e r w a s M e t i s a n d h e r f a t h e r Z e u s . Z e u s r e i g n e d o v e r a l l t h e gods and goddesses of Mt. Olympus. It is no wonder that a god this powerful and dominant would need no woman to bear his  o f f s p r i n g . Z e u s w a s t o l d b y h i s m o t h e r a n d F a t h e r t h a t M e t i s w o u l d b a r e c h i l d r e n . Z e u s w a s n o t h a p p y a b o u t t h i s ; h e f e l t i t w o u l d j e o p a r d i z e h i s p o s i t i o n a s r u l e r. W h e n M e t i s w a s a b o u t t o g i v e b i r t h , Z e u s s w a l l o w e d h e r a n d i n t h e p r o c e s s g a i n e d h e r i n t e l l i g e n c e a n d w i s d o m . A t t h e t i m e Z e u s t h o u g h t i t w a s a g o o d i d e a b u t i t w a s n o w c a u s i n g h i m p a i n . H i s h e a d a c h e b e c a m e s o s e v e r e t h a t h e w o u l d d o a n y t h i n g t o r e l i e v e i t . H e gave permission for another god to hit him in the head with an axe. When he did this, out popped Athena full grown and w e a r i n g a s u i t o f a r m o r . A t h e n a b e c a m e h e r f a t h e r ’s f a v o r i t e . S h e r e m a i n e d h i s a l l y b u t a l s o h i s p r o t e c t o r. S h e p r o m o t e d h i s i n t e r e s t s a n d s e r v e d a s h i s a d v i s o r. A t h e n a a l s o i n h e r i t e d s o m e  i m p o r t a n t t r a i t s f r o m h e r m o t h e r a s w e l l ; w i s d o m a n d j u s t i c e were two of the big ones. A t h e n a w a s t h e g o d d e s s o f w i s d o m a n d w a r . S h e w a s normally depicted holding a spear, but she was known more for h e r r o l e a s m e d i a t o r a n d d i p l o m a t t h a n f o r a c t u a l l y f i g h t i n g i n b a t t l e . H e r d e c i s i o n s w e r e h i g h l y e t h i c a l a n d s e l d o m m o t i v a t e d b y h e r s e l f i n t e r e s t o r b e l i e f s . M a n y o f t h e G r e e k m y t h s t e l l  tales of her giving help to various gods, goddesses and hero’s a s t h e y w e n t i n t o b a t t l e . A t h e n a h a d g i v e n P e r s e u s h i s m o s t h e l p f u l t o o l t o s l a y M e d u s a , h i s s h i e l d . A n y o n e w h o l o o k e d t h e m o n s t e r d i r e c t l y i n t h e e y e s w o u l d b e t u r n e d t o s t o n e . A f t e r h e b e h e a d e s M e d u s a h e g a v e i t t o A t h e n a t o d e c o r a t e h e r a r m o u r. A l s o o n t h e v o y a g e b a c k f r o m t r o y s h e p r o t e c t e d U l y s s e s . T h e most help she gave though was to Hercules. She stood by his s i d e a n d w a s a g r e a t c o m f o r t t o h i m . A f t e r h i s p a s s i n g s h e w e l c o m e d h i m i n t o t h e g a t e s o f M t . O l y m p u s . A t h e n a c a m e d o w n f r o m M t . O l y m p u s a n d w a l k e d b e t w e e n t h e t w o a r m i e s a n d m a d e b o t h s i d e s s w e a r t o k e e p p e a c e , s h e d i d t h i s t o p r e v e n t t h e T r o j a n Wa r . U n f o r t u n a t e l y o n e o f t h e s o l d i e r s w e n t a g a i n s t h i s o a t h a n d l e t l o o s e h i s a r r o w ; t h i s w a s t h e b e g i n n i n g o f t h e  T r o j a n Wa r . A t h e n a e x p r e s s e d h e r a n g e r t o w a r d t h e s o l d i e r b y helping the other side to victory. In one of her most well known adventures Athena took shape of men, women and children to l e a d w a n d e r i n g O d y s s e u s . T h i s a l l o w e d h i m t o r e t u r n h o m e s a f e l y t o h i s f a m i l y a n d c h i l d r e n . Athena is one of the three virgin goddesses, referred to as a v i r g i n b e c a u s e s h e w a s a b l e t o r e m a i n u n s w a y e d b y A p h r o d i t e . Aphrodite is the goddess of love, marriage and motherhood. M o t h e r l e s s h e r s e l f , A t h e n a u s u a l l y p l a c e d P a t r i a r c h a l principles above motherly bonds. Athena not only gave to the w a r r i o r s b u t t o a l l h u m a n s . H e r r e s p o n s i b i l i t i e s w e r e g i v i n g w i s d o m , i n v e n t i o n s , i n s p i r a t i o n s a n d p r o t e c t i n g t h e A t h e n s . O n e o f h e r g r e a t e s t g i f t s w a s h e r k n o w l e d g e o f t a m i n g h o r s e s , s h e taught the people of Cyrene and word soon spread. She also  c r e a t e d t h e p o t t e r y w h e e l a n d m a d e t h e f i r s t v a s e o n i t . S h e w a s a l s o a g r e a t w e a v e r a n d l o v e d t o d e c o r a t e . S h e w a s a g o d d e s s o f m a n y t a l e n t s a n d a n e x p e r t a r t i s a n . N o b o d y e v e r c a m e c l o s e t o s u r p a s s i n g h e r w o r k a l t h o u g h a y o u n g m o r t a l w o m a n n a m e d A r a c h n e ’ s p u t h e r t o t h e t e s t . T h e c h a l l e n g e w a s t o s e e w h o w a s t h e b e t t e r w e a v e r. A r a c h n e ’s t a p e s t r y h a d o f f e n d e d h e r g r e a t l y,  i t d e p i c t e d Z e u s a s a d u l t e r o u s . A t h e n a r i p p e d t h e t a p e s t r y t o s h r e d s a n d A r a c h n e e v e n t u a l l y h u n g h e r s e l f . O n c e A t h e n a h a d cooled off from what had happened, she transformed the woman i n t o a s p i d e r o u t o f p i t y. T h e w o m a n w a s n o w a b l e t o w e a v e b e a u t i f u l s p i d e r w e b s f o r e t e r n i t y. In the past Poseidon and Athena had a fight to take over a c i t y i n G r e e c e . To s e t t l e t h e a r g u m e n t , t h e y e a c h h a d t o g i v e a  g i f t t o t h e c i t y. T h e o n e w i t h t h e b e t t e r g i f t w o u l d b e c o m e l e a d e r o f t h e c i t y. P o s e i d o n g a v e a s p r i n g o f w a t e r t o t h e c i t y, b e c a u s e i t w a s s a l t w a t e r i t w a s o f n o u s e t o t h e p e o p l e . A t h e n a g a v e t h e c i t y a n o l i v e t r e e . F r o m t h i s t r e e t h e y c o u l d e a t , m a k e oil and have wood for fire. By ruling of the city, Athena’s gift w a s b e t t e r t h a n P o s e i d o n s . I n h e r h o n o r t h e y n a m e d t h e c i t y A t h e n s . T h e r e i s a l s o a p a l a c e d e d i c a t e d t o h e r i n A t h e n s . H e r s y m b o l s a r e t h e o w l a n d t h e o l i v e t r e e . T h e o l i v e s , t a m i n g o f t h e h o r s e a n d h e r c r e a t i o n o f t h e p o t t e r y w h e e l w e r e a l l c o n t r i b u t i o n s t h a t w e r e g r e a t l y a d m i r e d . O t h e r w o m e n r a r e l y t o o k t h r e a t t o A t h e n a ; t h e m o s t n o t a b l e e x c e p t i o n t h o u g h w a s h e r c h i l d h o o d f r i e n d P a l l a s . I n o n e o f t h e s t o r i e s P a l l a s a n d  A t h e n a w e r e b o t h t o m b o y s a n d i n s e p a r a b l e , t h e y p r a c t i c e d f i g h t i n g s k i l l s a n d s h a r e d p l a y f u l a d v e n t u r e s . D u r i n g t a r g e t p r a c t i c e , A t h e n a a c c i d e n t a l l y s h o t a n d k i l l e d P a l l a s w i t h a b o w and arrow. So distraught over the loss of her friend, Athena t o o k P a l l a s ’ n a m e a n d a d d e d i t t o h e r s . O f t e n t i m e s s h e w a s r e f e r r e d t o a s P a l l a s A t h e n a , t h i s w a s t o h o n o r h e r f r i e n d . N o t  o n l y d i d A t h e n a ’s d e c i s i o n s d e m o n s t r a t e w i s d o m b u t a l s o c o m p a s s i o n a s w e l l . I n a n o t h e r s t o r y a m a n n a m e d Te i r e s i a s a c c i d e n t a l l y w a l k e d i n o n A t h e n a w h i l e s h e w a s b a t h i n g . T h i s w a s a n a c t t h a t n o r m a l l y w o u l d h a v e b e e n p u n i s h e d b y d e a t h . Athena took pity on him though; she covered his eyes with her hands making the man blind. She gave him the gift of inner s i g h t. A t h e n a n o r m a l l y p u t p a t r i a r c h a l p r i n c i p l e s a b o v e  m a t r i a r c h a l b o n d s . S h e i d e n t i f i e d w i t h t h e p a t r i a r c h y a n d usually supported their side in a dispute. In the first trial of h i s t o r y, A t h e n a c a s t t h e f i n a l v o t e o n a c q u i t t i n g O r e s t e ’ s o f m u r d e r i n g h i s m o t h e r t o a v e n g e h i s f a t h e r ’s d e a t h . S h e w a s p e r s u a d e d b y A p o l l o w h o s a i d a m o t h e r ’s d e a t h w a s o f l e s s i m p o r t a n c e t h a n a f a t h e r. Wo m e n s i m p l y n u r t u r e a s e e d b u t m e n a c t u a l l y p l a n t i t . M e n a r e v i e w e d a s h i g h e r i m p o r t a n c e t o A t h e n a . M o r e t h a n a n y o f t h e o t h e r g o d d e s s e s A t h e n a r e m a i n s a s y m b o l o f k n o w l e d g e , w i s d o m , l o g i c a n d c i v i l i z a t i o n . A t h e n a r e m i n d s u s t h a t w e c a n s u c c e s s f u l l y u s e o u r i n t e l l e c t a n d c r e a t i v i t y t o r e a c h a n y g o a l s . WORKS CITED: 1. ) http://www. theoi. com/Olympios/AthenaMyths. html 2. ) http://ancienthistory. about. com/cs/grecoromanmyth1/p/Athena. htm 3. ) http://gogreece. about. com/cs/mythology/a/mythathena. htm.

Oral Contraceptive Use and the Risk of Meningioma

Oral Contraceptive Use and the Risk of Meningioma Abstract: Oral contraceptive use is a suspected risk factor for the development of a meningioma. This is supported by meningiomas being more common in females than males, the growth of meningiomas being affected by the menstrual cycle and the presence of estrogen, progestogen and androgen receptors on meningiomas. Some previous studies indicate an association between current use of oral contraceptives and the development of a meningioma, but most studies do not show an effect and are of low power to show an association. This case-control study aims to find out if there is an association between current or ever use of an oral contraceptive and developing a meningioma in pre-menopausal females. It also aims to look if this risk differs with hormone type. It does so by comparing cases in the three states of Eastern Australia of women aged between 16 and 45 who require surgical resection or biopsy of their meningioma with population-based controls. Aims: To prove that the use of an oral contraceptive pill is a risk factor for developing a meningioma in pre-menopausal women in Australia. To determine whether the risk of a meningioma that is associated with taking oral contraceptives differs by current use, ever use and type of oral contraceptive. Background: Current oral contraceptive use is suspected to increase the risk of meningioma, but more studies need to be done in order to confirm this association. (1) The most recent study found no increase in risk with ever use of oral contraceptives, but found an increased risk in current users of an oral contraceptive with an OR 1.8, 95% CI 1.1–2.9 in pre-menopausal women. (1) This result is statistically significant at the 5% level. The study was a case-control study which is appropriate as the outcome is rare and the exposure is common. The results from this study are limited from the fact that they only had 87 cases for pre-menopausal women who were using oral contraceptives, but since such a small sample size did pick up an association it makes it more likely to be a true association. This study had a wide variety of exposures they were looking for and so the statistically significant results that they did publish may have been due to chance from looking at so many possibilities. In regards to selection bias in this study the controls were selected by random digit dialling so this would have resulted in people who do not have access to a telephone from being excluded from the study. Controls did end up being more likely to be white, have 16 or more years of schooling and a salary greater than $75,000. If people with these characteristics are more likely to be taking oral contraceptives then it would have resu lted in an underestimation of risk, but this was minimised through adjustment in the analysis. Also only 65% of patients and 52% of controls participated in the studyso if the ones who participated were more or less likely to have taken an oral contraceptive it would have an effect on the relative risk. They did compare the people who participated and those who did not with the known confounders of age and residence and only the control groups differed by age with those who participated being more likely to be old. If the older people were more likely to be taking oral contraceptives it may have affected the results, but this was adjusted for in the analysis to minimise the effect. There is no mention of whether the researchers who administered the interview were blinded so if they were expecting an increased association between oral contraceptives and meningiomas they may have been more likely to find one. In terms of the generalizability of the results it was a multi-centerstudy a nd could be generalizable to the rest of the population in the United States. If different countries had different incidences of certain receptor subtypes of meningiomas then the relative risk may be affected so care should be taken in generalizing the results out of the country. The results cannot be generalised to the less serious meningiomas which do not need surgery as this study did not include them. Another study by Michaud D.S.et al.(2010) found an OR 3.61, 95% CI 1.75–7.46 comparing current users of the oral contraceptive to never users. (2) This was in a large prospective cohort study called the EPIC cohort study. One flaw in this study was the possibility of diagnostic bias if the users of oral contraceptives were more likely to be investigated and diagnosed with a meningioma which would have increased the association. A strength of this study is the objective measuring of exposure status. They also identified a dose-response trend in pre-menopausal women using an oral contraceptive (HR [95% CI]: 1.21 [0.36-4.06], 1.55 [0.53-4.56], 2.97 [1.08-8.15], 3.22 [1.04-10.0], 3.60 [1.00-13.0] for 1 5-10-15 years of use, respectively, p-trend = 0.01). (2) There have been a few other studies, but none have found a statistically significant risk. (3,4,5) These case-control and cohort studies all have a relatively small number of cases and therefore low power to pick up a true ass ociation. In the case-control trials recall bias is difficult to rule out as well as selecting a suitable population that resembles the cases. Furthermore only one of these looked for an association in those on current oral contraceptive use. This calls for a larger study with more power which can pick up an association even if it is quite small. There are a few findings that point towards a possible association between meningiomas and certain hormones. One of these is the fact that meningiomas are more common in females than males, especially in their reproductive years. (6) Another study has found oestrogen, progestogen and androgen receptors associated with some meningiomas. (7) An older study as well as a more recent case reports indicated that meningiomas become more symptomatic with changes in the menstrual cycle and during pregnancy. (8,9) These all point towards a possible association between estrogen or progestogen and meningiomas therefore it is an important area to research in order to expand knowledge on this common type of brain tumor. Study Design: The type of study design required to answer the aims is a case-control study. As developing a meningioma is a rare outcome, especially in the age group this study is based in, and the exposure of current use of an oral contraceptive is common this makes a case-control study the most efficient way to study this association. Compared to a cohort study they are rapid and cost-effective as cohort studiesrequirea very large population and a long follow-up period to have enough power to detect an association. A randomised control trial would be more likely to have the results not affected by confounding, but the study would be unethical. This study must be based overseas in order to increase the number of cases per year. All Australian states and territories have mandatory reporting of all cancers which will allowthe identification of cases. (10) The incidence of meningioma in Australia is approximately 1.1 to 1.8 cases per 100,000 person years with a 2.6:1 female to male ratio. (6) For this reason and the fact that the incidence is less frequent in a younger population it requires a multi-centre approach and an extended study period are needed in order to have a sufficient number of cases. The source population will beall females between the ages of 16 and 45 in Victoria, New South Wales and Queensland and cases will be drawn from the cancer registry as they become available. The control group will be population-based and selected from the census. In order to determine the sample size needed for this study the biostatistician will be informed that the study needs to have a large enough power to pick up a 10% increas ed risk. The result should be statistically significant at 5%. The biostatistician needs to know the expected incidence of the meningiomas in these territories and the proportion of people expected to be using the two types of oral contraceptives. This can be found through state-specific trends or may use the mean and standard deviation from previous years’ data. The number of cases this study requires will determine how long the study will run for. In order to minimise selection bias the criteria for each of the groups needs to be strictly defined. The case criteria is a meningioma of grade I, II or III according to histological diagnosis by a pathologist. The exposure of current use of an oral contraceptive is defined as taking any oral contraceptive for at least 3 months previous to the diagnosis or in the case of controls 3 months before entry into the study. The exposure status of ever use of an oral contraceptive is defined as if the participant ever taking a single oral contraceptive pill. The population from which the cases arise from are all women between the ages of 16 and 45 in Victoria, New South Wales and Queensland. People will be excluded from the study if they do not speak English, if they have had a previous meningioma, if they have had a brain tumor of unknown pathology, if they have a diagnosed mental health condition, if they have had breast cancer and if they are from a different state or out of the country. Controls will be selected randomly and matched in terms of age, ethnicity, area of residence and socioeconomic status which are all factors that could potentially confound the relationship due to affecting the exposure and the outcome, but not being on the causal pathway between the two. A total of 4 controls will be obtained per case due to the abundance of controls and the relatively small effect of adding any more controls. The cases and controls will be contacted for participation in the study through mail and if they accept to be in the study a survey will be sent that includes questions related to the confounding factors and the exposure including questions for those who have ever used an oral contraceptive for what duration and which type of oral contraceptive. Information about other possible confounding factors such as smoking status and alcohol use will also be collected. In order to make it more likely that the study participants are representative of the population the variables that are matched for in each group and the rates of smoking and alcohol use will be compared to the rates in the whole population. These variables will also be compared to those people who dropped out of the study when possible to aid in identifying a systematic difference between those who participated and those who did not. To give an improved chance of patient participation a second survey will be sent to the patient s if they do not respond within 2 weeks. If the participants are interviewed then the interviewer will have a priori knowledge of the group the participant is associated with and might bias the results towards a significant result. In order to minimise information bias the cases and controls should be blinded in regards to the aim of the study. To aid in achieving this, the survey sent out to the participants will include questions in regards to other medicines and lifestyle factors such as smoking and drinking. This will prevent the study participants from falsifying their exposure status to agree with what the study is trying to find out and hence would falsely increase the negative risk. One of the largest problems in case control studies is recall bias. To help minimise it a pamphlet with the type of oral contraceptives and what they look like will be included. Everyone in the study gets the same survey and the diagnostic criteria for meningioma are the same in all centres in Australia so information bias from this is unlikely. There also needs to be timely addition of the cases into the cancer registry, otherwise the study will mainly look at the meningioma cases with longer survival. If oral contraceptive s are more likely to cause a meningioma with a worse prognosis then the risk will be lower than it actually is. The results from the study will be presented as: The odds ratio reported would be after analysis to take into account that the cases each had 4 individually matched controls. The adjusted OR takes into account that smoking status and alcohol use may be confounders. This study is ethically sound. It is observational so there is no intervention for the patient. It is also optional and provides no advantage or disadvantage for those participating. Confidentiality will be maintained as only study researchers will have access to the data and none of the data reported in the study will be able to be linked to a specific patient. The study is feasible, but depends on the sample size that is required. In terms of cost there are no biological tests that need to be performed as all information required is obtained through a survey. The cost of mailing out the surveys and paying staff to collect the information and analyse the data must be considered and budgeted accordingly. One of the advantages of case control studies is looking at multiple exposures hence including other exposures that are of interestcould increase the value of the study and make it more cost-efficient. Implications: There are many benefits to this study. As oral contraceptives are already known to increase the risk of other cancers like breast and cervical cancer, if a causal relationship is found with meningioma, this is another cancer risk that patients must be informed before taking the oral contraceptive. (11) When oral contraceptives will be linked to meningioma, prescribing patterns for those patients who are already at an increased risk for example if they had previous radiation exposure must change. Also patients who have had a previous diagnosis of meningioma would need to strongly consider avoiding taking any oral contraception. These patients would need to find alternate treatment or alternate methods of contraception. If there is an association in the combined oral contraceptive and not the progestogen oral contraceptive this can be recommended to those at risk of developing a meningioma. Another use for determining if there is an associated risk would be through finding treatments o r cures for meningiomas. If estrogen or progestogenis found to be related to the development of meningiomas further studies could find a pathway that causes this increased risk and treatments focused on disrupting this pathway may be effective. References: Claus EB, Calvocoressi L, Bondy ML, Wrensch M, Wiemels JL, Schildkraut JM. Exogenous hormone use, reproductive factors, and risk of intracranial meningioma in females. Journal of neurosurgery. 2013;118(3):649-56. Michaud DS, Gallo V, Schlehofer B, Tjonneland A, Olsen A, Overvad K, et al. Reproductive factors and exogenous hormone use in relation to risk of glioma and meningioma in a large European cohort study. Cancer epidemiology, biomarkers prevention : a publication of the American Association for Cancer Research, cosponsored by the American Society of Preventive Oncology. 2010;19(10):2562-9. Benson VS, Pirie K, Green J, Casabonne D, Beral V. Lifestyle factors and primary glioma and meningioma tumours in the Million Women Study cohort. Br J Cancer. 2008;99:185–190 Hatch EE, Linet MS, Zhang J, Fine HA, Shapiro WR, Selker RG, et al. Reproductive and hormonal factors and risk of brain tumors in adult females. Int J Cancer. 2005;114:797–805 Johnson DR, Olson JE, Vierkant RA, Hammack JE, Wang AH, Folsom AR, et al. Risk factors for meningioma in postmenopausal women: results from the Iowa Women’s Health Study. NeuroOncol. 2011;13:1011–1019 Dobes M, Khurana VG, Shadbolt B, Jain S, Smith SF, Smee R, et al. Increasing incidence of glioblastomamultiforme and meningioma, and decreasing incidence of Schwannoma (2000-2008): Findings of a multicenter Australian study. Surgical neurology international. 2011;2:176 Schnegg JF, Gomez F, LeMarchand-Beraud T, de Tribolet N. Presence of sex steroid hormone receptors in meningioma tissue. Surgical neurology. 1981;15(6):415-8. Bickerstaff ER, Small JM, Guest IA. The relapsing course of certain meningiomas in relation to pregnancy and menstruation. J NeurolNeurosurg Psychiatry. Cushing H, Eisenhardt L: Meningiomas: Their Classification, Regional Behavior, Life History, and Surgical End Results. Springfield, Ill: Charles C Thomas, 1938, 785 pp Australian Institute of Health and Welfare (2013) Cancer Registration in Australia, Available at: http://www.aihw.gov.au/cancer-registration-in-australia/ (Accessed: 6th April 2014). Burkman R, Schlesselman JJ, Zieman M. Safety concerns and health benefits associated with oral contraception. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 2004; 190(4 Suppl):S5–22.

The Raven Thesis :: essays research papers

The first Human Cloned Embryo Article written by: Jose B. Cibelli, Robert P. Lanza and Michael D West, with Carol Ezzell (summary)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Parthenogenesis is a process of generating human embryos from only eggs put therapeutic cloning within reach   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  On October 13, 2001 the scientist of Advance Cell Technology come to see that their laboratory cells were dividing, the first human embryos were cloning.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The scientists were hoping for the cells to divide into 100 or so cells called blastocysts. They wanted to take these blastocysts and have them grow to replace nerve, muscle and other tissues. But only one of them came to the Six-cell stage and by then it stopped dividing. They had done a similar procedure they had eggs grow without sperm to fertilize, to develop parthenogenetically into blastocysts they think that using these to procedures together they could achieve human cloning.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In 2001 scientist attempted to create a cloned human embryo, they had consulted all the necessary sources before getting the â€Å"ok† to begin â€Å"creating†. Then they had to find a female subject to donate eggs. To start the process of cloning they need to use a very fine needle and get the genetic information from a mature egg. Then they inject it into the nucleus of a donor cell. The female donors were asked to take psychological and physical tests to screen for diseases and what not.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Cloning was first attempted last July, because it depended on the menstrual cycles of the subjects, the subjects also had to take hormones so that they would ovulate 10 or so eggs at once.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  They seemed to have had a touch of success when the nucleus of a fibroblast had appeared to divide but it never completed. It took 71 eggs from seven volunteers before they could create their first cloned embryo. Out of the eight eggs with cumulus cells, two of them divided to form early embryos of four cells and another went to at least six cells before it stopped growing.

Postmodern Multicultural Society Essay -- Anthropology, Culture, Gende

The evolution of a postmodern multicultural society places a premium on increased understanding of issues surrounding culture and ethnic identity. Anthropology has traditionally defined culture as the sum total of artifacts (language, customs, tools/technology, institutions, etc.) that make up a human society. From a psychological perspective, it is useful to focus on the processes of symbolic communication that sanction the coherence of human societies and enable them to evolve such a variety of artifacts. It is generally accepted that humans are a uniquely cultural species. Interesting precursors of human communication, social organization, and tool use have been found in other species. But humans are the only species that has developed the capacity for complex symbolic communication about the world, as well as the capacity to create tools and institutions based on that complex symbolic understanding (Warmoth, 2001). According to Meriam- Webster dictionary,† Culture is defined as the customary beliefs, social forms, and material traits of a racial, religious, or social group†. India or the Republic of India is a country in South East Asia .It is the seventh-largest country by geographical area, the second-most populous country with over 1.2 billion people, and the most populous democracy in the world. It's neighboring countries are Bhutan, Pakistan, People Republic of China, Nepal and Bangladesh. Indians personify the country as a goddess. There are 18 major languages spoken in India and over 1600 regional dialects. Hindi is the official language and English is the second common language. It's the world's most ancient civilization, yet one of it's youngest nations( Wolpert, 2009). Much of the paradox found everywhere in In... ...eneurs; from being an astronaut to the queen of television industry, Indian women have done it all. She has to play a spectrum of roles like the homemaker, a wife, a daughter in law, a mother, a sister, a lover, a daughter, a friend and an â€Å"individual†.Indian society still has conservative ideals when it comes to women. The women in lower strata of society are still considered subservient to men and face abuse(Wolpert, 2009). I would like to conclude by stating that this paper is an attempt to understand in depth the basic values, social norms,traditions and history of my culture; the culture of India. Research on this paper enlightened me on India's war laden past, evolving traditions, regional diversity, but , national unity and reconfirmed my own identity. Respect for one's own culture leads to acceptance and regard for other cultures'.

Charlotte Perkins Gilmans Cupid in the Kitchen Essay -- Cupid

Charlotte Perkins Gilman's Cupid in the Kitchen      Ã‚  Ã‚   As a reader in the 1990's it's tempting to see Charlotte Perkins Gilman's "Cupid in the Kitchen" as revolutionary and ahead of its time. She proposes the complete professionalization of the nutritive and execretive functions of society, a radical, if not revolutionary notion. However, in the light of the fin-de-siecle birth of the modern feminist movement, Gilman is but one voice in many crying for economic and social justice for women. In effect, the rhetorical situation of 1898 demanded and created this discourse as it does all discourse (Bitzer 5). Gilman's "Cupid" is a natural and elegant response to the conditions which created it: the continuing surplus of unmarried women in Britain and America as verified by census data, and the persistent injustice of the forced domestic servitude of married women.    One need only look as far as the literature of the 1890's to see that women's issues influenced the thinking of many intellectuals. The discourse of the period is obsessed with the proper roles for women, debate about suffrage, and considerations of what to do with all the "odd women" who couldn't find husbands. As early as 1860 census data indicated that more and more women were remaining single and unmarried (Showalter viii). In an essay written for The Edinburgh Review Harriet Martineau argued that because there were not enough husbands to go around, girls should be educated and trained to be self-supporting (Showalter ix). By the end of the century the numbers of unmarried women lacking economic support reached crisis proportions. This event, as much or more than any other, precipitated the feminist movement of the late nineteenth an... ... surprise. Economics drove the rhetorical situation in which "Cupid" was produced as it drives the rhetorical situation in which we return to Gilman for enlightenment now. Similarities in the rhetorical situations of reader, subject and author create the common ground that makes Gilman seem so topical, but it is the clarity of her vision and the simple logic of her proposition that makes her work so remarkable.    Works Cited    Bitzer, Lloyd F. "The Rhetorical Situation." Philosophy & Rhetoric 1.1 (1968): 1-14. Gilman, Charlotte Perkins. "Women and Economics: Cupid in the Kitchen." A World of Ideas: Essential Readings for College Writers. ed. Lee A. Jacobus (Boston: St. Martin's, 1990) 208-19. Showalter, Elaine. introduction. The Odd Women, by George Gissing (New York: Pennguin, 1983) vii-xxvi.          *        

Information to commit a crime Essay

The article from The Mail on Sunday spreads over 2/3s of a page. It is at first glance more interesting than the previous article because it contains a large color picture of Lord Archer and his wife, and a smaller picture of the book he has recently published. Articles with pictures beside them seize the reader’s attention. The caption under the picture of Archer and his wife reads ‘inside job:’ which suggests a crime has been committed from inside prison. ‘Inside job’ is a word used to refer to those who use their access to privileged information to commit a crime. It is an exaggerated and dramatic term to use, which will catch the reader’s interest. ‘Archer could pocket a fortune from his prison diary, left, which could ease his and wife Mary’s cash flow problems’ This sentence is intended to be humorous because it is sarcastic. The lord and lady are not expected to have any money troubles or ‘cash flow problems’. Humor is a method used by journalists to incite their readers. Also, here is introduced a motive for releasing the book that was not mentioned in the other article. However the article does not hold substantial evidence that this is true, and not just a conclusion drawn by the reporter for the purpose of obtaining public interest. The article says that this had been said by ‘sources close to the family’. Nevertheless it does go on to say that Archer recently paid out 2. 7 million to Express Newspapers. The Mail on Sunday article is similarly set out in columns. Unlike The Sunday Telegraph this article contains larger font for the first two paragraphs of the article. This is done because it contains the basis of the story and larger font stands out more. There is one enlarged quote, which reads ‘He simply put his memoirs in the post’. The reporter chose to enlarge this because it will surprise the readers. It is a controversial point: should Archer really have just been allowed to post his memoirs. The article uses language such as ‘far from smuggling the manuscript out ‘ which suggests this is what would have been expected. The article goes on to explain that prison authorities can check prisoners outgoing post and that they could have censored Archer’s book. This leaves the reader wondering why they allowed Archer’s book to get out. Could it be because he is a Lord and has high social status than the average prisoner? I think that is what the article is suggesting throughout. It does this because it wants to raise a point, make the readers think and get their attention. The language in this article uses more adjectives than the Sunday Telegraph article, examples of this are: Calls were made for Archer to be dealt with ‘harshly’. A spokesman ‘criticized’ the prison service. This has the effect of persuading to the reader to agree with the reporter’s point of view. Unlike the Sunday Telegraph article it refuses to sit on the fence. Both the articles are similar to each other in some of the ways they were written. For instance it is written like a story with intervening quotes and opinions from different people. Frances Crook says ‘anyone should have the right to free speech and free expression’. The article also stops to explain facts to the reader such as ‘letters or phone calls to or from the prison can be read’. The Mail on Sunday talks about many more different aspects relating to the story than the Sunday telegraph which chooses to stick to the main story. The Mail on Sunday article speaks of the ‘cash flow problem’. It explains what else has happened to Archer whilst he has been in prison, ‘used a weekend home leave to attend a champagne party’ and ‘lavish lunches with prison staff ‘. The word ‘lavish’ suggests to the reader that Archer is having an easy time, living the life of a high society, rich man. It is said because the reporter feels that Archer should not be treated as well as he is, because he is a criminal. It goes on to explain that these ‘breaches of prison rules’ has meant he has been transferred. The first paragraph of this article says Archer is ‘expected to escape any severe punishment’ for publishing his Prison Diaries. It also states that the diary is likely to net him at least 300,000. The word ‘escape’ suggests to the reader that Archer deserves a punishment and is getting out of it. The 300,000 is also a lot less than the 500,000 the Sunday Telegraph said Archer had gained. The effect of money written of in the first paragraph is also make the reader interested and angry that Archer has received so much money but will not be punished for his crime. The title stating that the punishment for Archer’s crime is to have his TV removed is not completely accurate. A prison service insider as one of a number of possible punishments mentioned it. The article picked up on this and enlarged its importance to capture reader’s attention because it sounds like a stupid and unfair punishment. The article also mentions that ‘under Prison Rule 55, Archer could have seven weeks added to his sentence’. However this is still a lot less than the ‘extra year’ mentioned in the other article. The two Newspaper articles were very similar in many ways because they were of the same type of media. I found the main differences between them were the main facts of their stories, the punishments disagreed with each other. They both used different techniques for get the readers attention. The purpose of this was to capture and maintain an interest in the article. The overall purpose is to sell newspapers, and make money. The Sunday Telegraph is known to be a more trustworthy newspaper than tabloids such as the Mail on Sunday. The article in the Sunday Telegraph was a straightforward news event and it had no signs of being biased. All the facts were presented The Mail on Sunday appealed more to people’s need for gossip and scandal, it tried to make the reader feel annoyed and shocked. This article was better at catching the reader’s eye because of the layout and bright pictures. I think the Mail on Sunday also did a better job of maintaining the reader’s interest because most people like to read about the more scandalous side of stories and it is more interesting when an article sways your emotions. The Sunday Telegraph, can be trusted to give a relatively non-biased true account but it is less interesting to read. The language in both articles was very similar; both used simple, factual writing backed up with quotes.

An Observation of a Bat Mitzvah

The ward off mitsvah is non in truth a ceremony or solemnity of pass be on as many concourse believe. It is actually a boy of the Judaic religion who has attain the duration of 13. It is gum olibanum a legal status that is mechanically ascribed with no need for ceremony or any other religious rite. A parallelism would be attaining adult ripen, typically 18 in nigh societies.The bar mitsvah pertains to males while a convulse mitsvah is to females, and females run quiver mitzvot (plural of mitzvah) at the age of 12. pothouse or flutter mitzvah trans youngs to a coming of age and signifies the transition of the fry to that of beginning due date insofar as religious utilisation was concerned, and be counted as spot of the minyan or quorum for public prayer. While it is widely formd, thither is actually no direct book of facts of it in the Talmud.Because women argon traditionally non allowed to guide from the Torah, it was a momentous do when in 1922 the missy of Rabbi Mordecai M. Kaplan was the first lap up mitzvah to read from the Torah in celebration of her 12th birthday. (The first Ameri commode cream off mitzvah) Today, many young girls h previous(a) bonny a convulse mitzvah with a grandiosity that rivals that of a honied 16 birthday party.I. The CeremonyThe synagogue was a study of the diversity in the US. On unrivaled lieu was the families of the dickens girls who were to become flutter mitzvot and since peerless of the girls was an adoptee of Chinese descent and the adoptive mother was non Judaic, there were quite a few who were not. Among the sheepcote, many were not Judaic as well, thickenings of the girls and their families who were to join in the celebration. (Schapiro)A turning usher of commemorative yarmulke or characteristic skullcap enabled male guests to help themselves to one because it is expected that they cover their heads when participating in the renovation. However, only Jewish males over 13 wore the ritual fringes called the talit. Aside from this, there did not seem to be a note of hand in dress for Jews and non-Jews.Some flyspeck children were present, and were quite surp uphillly free to becharm up and roam as they cheerful as long as they be boastd. The refractory ones were quietly led away to what can only be supposed is a playroom.On the eastern wall of the synagogue, the Ark is evident. This is the alluviation of the Torah, and above the Ark is a light called the Ner Tamid or eternal light. There is to a fault a representation of the Tablets of the Covenant.On the bima, the raise platform on which the service was to be conducted. The devil girls were seated on the right side of the altar. The girls fathers laid the prayer shawl on their various(prenominal) daughters shoulders, signifying a canalise of power, or responsibility, whichever perspective works, and the choir raised their voice in a dramatise song in Hebrew.The rabbi commenced with the rea ding, and at all(prenominal) part the congregation was told when to sit or stand. This was oddly helpful for non-Jewish participants of the service. The girls past(prenominal) were say to approach the Ark where the Torah scrolls were kept. Each took their scroll and carried it round the sanctuary, as severally Jewish guest touch their prayer books to it to signify have it off and devotion to its teachings.The girls then took their place at the bima in front of the congregation to read out the scrolls in Hebrew. This is referred to as the aliyah. The girls each read part of Chapter 21 of exodus which was the reading for the Shab flicker for that week. Afterwards, each girl gave a speech in English, a drash about how the experience preparing for comely bat mitzvot had meant to them. Each girl then touched the fringe of their prayer shawl to the Torah originally kissing it and returning to their seat. The p bents (excepting the non-Jewish mother) spoke forrader the congrega tion thanking God for the blessing of press release them from the responsibility for their childs sins. This part was spoken in English.The rabbi then say a few records direct at the new bat mitzvot and the girls then proceeded with the concluding prayers, the Haftorah and then the ceremony was over. The future(a) part of the celebration was the fun part, the Kiddush and seudat mitzvah that translates today to a party held right(prenominal) the synagogue, where speeches and advice are liberally precondition for the clearing of the new bat mitzvah. Traditional gifts with associations with the spell 18 (considered a lucky subjugate in Jewish tradition, means also life) and more generic gifts were given at the reception. ( choke up and Bat mitzvah Rich Gifts)II. DiscussionMitzvah is the word for commandment, and bat is daughter so a bat mitzvah is a daughter of the commandment. The whole point of this rite is to note the childs coming of age but the way it is practiced tends to be highly adaptable to the particular societal context. The ceremony itself has no mention in the Talmud so the rituals have evolved over condemnation and application. (Bar & bat mitzvah) dressing for the bar or bat mitzvah typically begins a year or more prior to the projected date, especially for modern Jews or those who are impudently converted. This is to allow the child to become beaten(prenominal) with the Jewish commandments, prayer, history and the Hebrew language. A large portion of this education is overseen by the cantor, or scholar.The responsibilities of the bat mitzvah includes the holding of the mitzvot or commandments as embodied in the Torah, all 613 of them. She is also expected to travel along rituals such as fasting days. interestingly enough, this is also considered the point in which the bat mitzvah can decide to catch ones breath or not within the faith. Because of this, a confirmation ceremony is slated for the 16th or 18th year of the bat mitzvah in some communities. (Bar/bat mitzvah)More orthodox Jewish families prepare their male children for eventual independence by starting their preparations at kindergarten age and beyond the age of bar mitzvah. Jewish-Orthodox Jews do not allow women to enter in religious services, so turn a bat mitzvah in these communities does not include the service and is ordinarily celebrated at home with a small party that merely commemmorates the childs 12th birthday.Reformist sects take the cue from their spiritual leader, the rabbi. This was what happened to Judith Kaplan the daughter of Rabbi Mordecai M. Kaplan, who believed women should be given equal consideration and magnificence in the community. However, for the longest time bat mitzvot usually celebrated on a Friday rather than on the Shabbat, or did not read directly from the Torah, so deep ingrained was the bias against women in the Jewish orthodoxy. (The first American bat mitzvah)With the influence of American society and matu rement diversity in religion, however practice has been inevitably affected. The number of religious intermarriages is rising and many religious groups have seen the learning of adapting to the changing society.This is especially apparent in the ceremony described above. The bar mitzvot are now allowed to read from the Torah, and are instructed in this by the cantor with the benevolent overseeing of the rabbi himself. They come in fully in the ceremony, and the fact that one of the parents is non-Jewish is no longer a crowing issue as long as they play a resistless piece in the service itself. Outsiders are meet to participate in a passive manner as well, and religious scholars are more than willing to explain the intricacies of the service to the clueless.There is even a maturation trend among newly converted Jews who become bar or bat mitzvah in ceremonies held at any point in their life, some as old as 80. Because these people came into the faith late in life, they are con sidered to have attained a coming of age when they have mastered the basics of the Jewish religion.III. outcomeFor all children, rites of passage are cardinal highlights in their lives. For Jewish children in particular, the purpose of becoming a bar or bat mitzvah and the formal celebration of the event focuses on the importance of having a good knowledge of Judaism. At the resembling time, it serves as inducting a sense of be for children, which at this particular point in their lives is crucial for optimal development.Because survival of the congregation that is yearly becoming diverse, even the most stringent religious traditions have been compelled to make relaxed and accommodate the evolving population. The practice of commemorating the becoming of a bat mitzvah is a particularly good example of this accommodation. whole caboodle CitedBar and Bat Mitzvah. cyclopaedia of Childhood and Adolescence. 20010406. FindArticles.com. 17 Jul. 2007. http//findarticles.com/p/article s/mi_g2602/is_0000/ai_2602000074Bar & bat mitzvah. Jewish Celebrations. 2007. Mazornet.com. 18 July 2007 .Bar/bat mitzvah. Patriarchy Website.January 2000. Israel CS Lim. 18 July 2007 .Rich, Tracey. Bar Mitzvah and bat mitzvah. Judaism 101. 2005. JewFAQ.org. 18 July 2007 .Schapiro, Moshe. What is a bar or bat mitzvah? Jewish Lifecycles. 18 January 2000. Aish HaTorah. 18 July 2007 .The first American bat mitzvah. Jewish Virtual Library. 2007. The American-Israeli Cooperative Enterprise. 18 July 2007 .

Disadvantages of Using Cell Phone in School Essay

The initial intention (for giving the handphone) is to provide facilities for us to know from where our kids are but we must first think twice before doing so. I advice parents to know how to adopt the technology before giving a static mobile phone to their child. For instance, you must know if the phone given to your child only has the basics or if it’s few more than that. But I still oppose just giving a more basic phone.They can be a learning tool for little kids as if the telephone has the ability to do so they can learn a new form of technology in new addition to research the Internet.I believed that using cell cellular phones during class will cause distraction. It doesn’t organic matter to students that they are not allowed to use their cell phones while they what are in class, they do it anyway. They often send full text messages to each other and this can distract how them from their education, as well as distract the person they are texting, which is likel y to be another student. Many people call this the new way of mere passing notes.Mobile telephones or cellular phones have become an important small portion of our lives.

Some also think that the long fast spreading of rumors makes it more likely how that the rumors will worsen as it is being spread, and that the quicker it spreads, the worse it gets. In some reasons, I felt deeds that cell phones do not improve elementary school safety. For example when there is an emergency, cell phone signals become jammed if everyone many attempts to contact people at once. how This can make it difficult for teachers to contact the authorities.Cellphones offer convenience.They give platforms of communicating.Mobile phones free play a part in our everyday lives.

Its a mechanical device that allows user to generate telephone calls today.Cell mobile phones arent low-cost.Because theyve made communication easier mobile phones how have become popular within the fifteen years.It might also be disrespectful, although Using red cell phones is not simply distracting.

Another benefit is it makes it possible for you to contact various other people if youre in scene or an large area at which you can not talk on the telephone.Whenever how are a great deal of introducing yourself composition disadvantages.A number of teenagers old keep trying as a means.Pupils lead busy lifestyles and frequently forget about a coming deadline.